Altruism and Natural Selection Quiz
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Altruism and Natural Selection Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What factor increases the likelihood of non-kin responding to recruitment calls in vervet monkeys?

  • Previous experience with other callers
  • Receiving food prior to the call
  • Being part of a larger group
  • Recent grooming by the caller (correct)

    • How do chimpanzees primarily improve their chances of getting food from others?

  • By vocalizing loudly
  • By sharing their food first
  • By grooming the food possessor recently (correct)
  • By forming alliances with multiple members

    • What is the primary mechanism by which altruism is thought to evolve according to the information provided?

  • Through nonrandom social interactions (correct)
  • Through competitive dominance hierarchies
  • Through random genetic mutations
  • Through group selection practices

    • What is the coefficient of relatedness between half siblings?

    <p>0.25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does nonrandom social interactions ultimately increase according to the take-home message?

    <p>Inclusive Fitness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What currency difference is noted regarding recruitment calls in vervets?

    <p>The type of grooming exchanged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Hamilton's rule, what must the benefit (b) be if the cost (c) is given and r = 0.125?

    <p>At least 8 times c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as a determinant of an individual's genetic contribution in the context of inclusive fitness?

    <p>The genetic contributions of close relatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT mentioned as a way for primates to recognize kin?

    <p>Environmental adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why altruism is directed towards kin according to Kin Selection theory?

    <p>Higher genetic relatedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of social behavior is highlighted in relation to chimps and their food sharing strategy?

    <p>Prior grooming interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What example of altruism in primates is provided to support kin selection theory?

    <p>Grooming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of associating with other altruists according to the content?

    <p>Increased inclusive fitness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does relatedness facilitate the evolution of altruism in the hypothetical primate species?

    <p>It allows individuals to benefit their kin at their own expense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the hypothetical primate species, what is the frequency of callers among full siblings compared to the general population?

    <p>The frequency of callers is higher among full siblings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the average fitness of callers when a call is given in the caller's group?

    <p>It raises the average fitness of callers relative to non-callers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of the hypothetical primate population are non-callers?

    <p>3/4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 50% chance that siblings share a given allele?

    <p>It influences the distribution of calling traits in groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the observation that 5 of 8 siblings in the caller’s group have the calling gene?

    <p>There is a higher concentration of the calling gene in that group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes the impact of genetic basis for calling on group dynamics?

    <p>It fosters cooperative behavior among related individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the distribution of the calling gene in full siblings suggest about genetic inheritance?

    <p>Allele sharing increases the likelihood of similar traits in siblings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do caller and non-caller dynamics affect the evolutionary fitness in the described primate species?

    <p>Caller fitness generally improves relative to non-callers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of selection on individuals according to the content?

    <p>Selection solely considers the effects on the individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the hypothetical primate species example, what is the initial proportion of callers to non-callers?

    <p>1 caller to 3 non-callers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about the fitness of callers compared to non-callers in the example?

    <p>Non-callers consistently have higher fitness than callers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does natural selection view altruistic behaviors according to the content?

    <p>Natural selection favors traits that are beneficial to the individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key insight offered by W.D. Hamilton regarding altruism?

    <p>Altruists may associate selectively with other altruists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant outcome of the relative fitness of callers and non-callers?

    <p>Relative fitness between both groups remains unchanged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of natural selection and altruism, what does 'kin selection' refer to?

    <p>Selection based on the genetic relatedness of individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the hypothetical primate species regarding alarm calls?

    <p>Alarm calls provide benefits to all recipients equally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated about non-callers in the hypothetical primate example?

    <p>Non-callers potentially gain an advantage without incurring costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion is drawn regarding group selection and altruism?

    <p>Natural selection fails to explain altruistic behavior at the group level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of calling according to kin selection?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of benefiting relatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Hamilton's Rule, which of the following represents the costs and benefits of an altruistic act?

    <p>rb &gt; c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the coefficient of relatedness (r) measure?

    <p>The likelihood of two individuals sharing an allele from a common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when non-callers do not call within a group of full siblings?

    <p>It lowers the fitness of non-callers relative to callers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When would calling be favored despite its costs?

    <p>When the benefits significantly exceed the costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If rb > c is satisfied, what can be inferred about the altruistic behavior?

    <p>The behavior will likely increase in frequency within the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hypothesis does kin selection support regarding altruistic behavior?

    <p>Altruism favors genetic relationships among individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does calling impact the fitness of non-callers in comparison to the population at large?

    <p>Non-callers exhibit lower fitness relative to callers within their group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a group of 7/8 siblings, how do individuals typically share genes?

    <p>Their gene sharing is higher than the population average.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios would likely decrease the frequency of altruistic calling in a population?

    <p>Increased competition from non-callers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Altruism and Natural Selection

    • Altruism can evolve through natural selection if altruists are more likely to associate with other altruists, whether kin or unrelated individuals.
    • This increases inclusive fitness, which is the relative genetic contribution of an individual, plus the contribution of close relatives.
    • Natural selection acts on individuals, and the effect on the group is not relevant to the individual’s fitness.
    • In the case of alarm calls, non-callers have higher fitness than callers because they do not bear the cost of calling, and the benefits are shared by all recipients.

    Kin Selection

    • Kin selection is a theory that explains how altruistic behaviour can evolve in a population where individuals interact preferentially with relatives.
    • Hamilton’s rule states that an altruistic act is favoured by natural selection when the benefit to the recipient (b) multiplied by the coefficient of relatedness (r) is greater than the cost to the giver (c).
    • The coefficient of relatedness (r) is a measure of genetic relationship between interacting individuals, or the average probability that they share alleles from a common ancestor.
    • Hamilton’s rule predicts that altruism should mainly be directed towards kin, because r = 0 for unrelated individuals.
    • The closer the genetic relatedness, the more costly the altruism can be.
    • For kin selection to work, primates must be able to recognize kin, which can be done through phenotypic matching (smell or likeness), or contextual cues (familiarity, proximity, observing patterns of associations).

    Kin Recognition

    • Maternal kin are easier to recognize through contextual clues, by associating with their mothers.
    • Paternal kin are harder to identify, but in polygynous species, age-matched peers are likely fathered by the same male.
    • Grooming is a behaviour that has evolved through kin selection because it is costly (time-consuming and decreases vigilance), but benefits hygiene and reinforces bonds.

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of altruism and kin selection as it relates to natural selection. Understand how inclusive fitness and Hamilton's rule explain the evolution of altruistic behavior. This quiz will test your knowledge on these critical theories in evolutionary biology.

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