35 Questions
Which altitude range corresponds to the level where altitude illness starts to occur?
Above 2000 m–3000 m
What are typical symptoms of high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)?
Dyspnoea, cough, haemoptysis, and poor exercise tolerance
In the context of altitude illnesses, what is the main difference between HACE and HAPE?
Affected body part
What is the recommended approach for treating HAPE and HACE?
Treat them as medical emergencies
At what altitude does altitude illness become clinically relevant?
3000 m
What is a key determinant of risk for Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)?
Ascent rate to altitude
How long does it usually take for High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) to occur?
2-5 days
What is the main focus of the position paper mentioned in the text?
'How to treat altitude illnesses'
What is the effect of beta agonists on exercise performance in healthy athletes?
They have no effect on exercise performance.
Which medication has shown effectiveness in preventing High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) according to the text?
Tadalafil
What is the recommended approach for athletes traveling to altitude, based on the text?
Employ measures like gradual acclimatization, hydration, and diet.
What is the current status of Tadalafil with respect to WADA regulations?
It is a monitored substance by WADA.
Which medication has reducing effects on peak performance in athletes according to the text?
Salmeterol
What is one deleterious effect of medications like Salmeterol on exercise performance mentioned in the text?
Decreasing peak performance
What aspect of exercise performance do beta agonists not impact in healthy athletes?
Endurance
"There is no ideal prophylactic medication for athletes traveling to altitude." What additional measures are recommended instead of medication according to the text?
"Gradual acclimatization, hydration, and diet."
What is the primary adaptation that helps compensate for lower oxygen saturation at altitude?
Hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR)
What is the effect of natural altitude on resting ventilatory drive?
Increases it
How long can increases in hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) at rest last if the athlete does not go directly to altitude?
Less than 3 days
According to Katayama et al62, what was the impact on exercise ventilation at sea level after 7 days of intermittent hypoxia (IH)?
No improvements
What was the result of brief exposure to 4500m altitude for 7 days according to Katayama et al61?
Enhanced HVR and improved exercise SaO2
What factor was correlated with increased exercise ventilation during submaximal exercise at 600m according to Townsend et al60?
Increased HVR at rest
What is the key factor determining whether a change in resting HVR impacts exercise ventilation?
Directly going to altitude after adaptation
What is the main reason behind an increase in ventilation due to lower oxygen saturation at altitude?
Hypoxic stimulus to chemoreceptors
Which medication increased exercise capacity during hypoxia at low altitudes and at Mount Everest base camp?
Sildenafil
Which substance improved exercise capacity in adults prone to high-altitude pulmonary edema?
Dexamethasone
What can cause ocular injury due to light toxicity?
Extreme UV exposure
Which study focused on continuous long-term monitoring of UV radiation in professional mountain guides?
Moehrle M, Dennenmoser B, Garbe C
Which Alpine stations were used for measuring solar UV-A and UV-B radiation fluxes?
Alpine stations at different altitudes
Which substance did NOT improve exercise capacity in high-altitude conditions?
Tadalafil
What was the main focus of the study by Moehrle M on professional mountain guides?
Extreme UV exposure
What is the potential effect of mountaineering based on the hypothesis presented in the text?
Increased incidence of cutaneous melanoma
Which medication showed no impact on exercise capacity in individuals prone to high-altitude pulmonary edema?
Tadalafil
What type of exposure did professional cyclists experience according to Moehrle M's study in 2000?
Extreme UV exposure
What impact did Dexamethasone have on exercise capacity according to Fischler M's study?
Improved exercise capacity in adults prone to high-altitude pulmonary edema
Study Notes
Altitude Illness
- Altitude illness starts to occur at an altitude range of 2,400 meters (8,000 feet) and above
- Typical symptoms of High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) include shortness of breath, cough, and fatigue
HACE vs HAPE
- The main difference between High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) and HAPE is that HACE affects the brain, while HAPE affects the lungs
Treating HAPE and HACE
- The recommended approach for treating HAPE and HACE is to descend to a lower altitude and provide oxygen
Altitude and AMS
- Altitude illness becomes clinically relevant at an altitude above 2,400 meters (8,000 feet)
- A key determinant of risk for Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) is the rate of ascent
HAPE and HACE Prevention
- The medication Nifedipine has shown effectiveness in preventing High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)
- The recommended approach for athletes traveling to altitude is to ascend gradually, acclimatize, and stay hydrated
Medications and Exercise Performance
- Beta agonists do not impact endurance performance in healthy athletes
- Salmeterol reduces peak performance in athletes
- Nifedipine increased exercise capacity during hypoxia at low altitudes and at Mount Everest base camp
- Dexamethasone had a positive impact on exercise capacity in individuals prone to high-altitude pulmonary edema
Adaptation to Altitude
- The primary adaptation that helps compensate for lower oxygen saturation at altitude is an increase in ventilation
- Natural altitude exposure increases hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) at rest, which can last for weeks if the athlete does not go directly to altitude
Test your knowledge on the ventilatory adaptations that take place during ascent to altitude and their impact on oxygen saturation. Explore concepts such as the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) and its role in improving SaO2 levels.
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