Alternative Investments Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of systematic risk?

  • It can be reduced through diversification.
  • It is limited to first-order risks.
  • It arises from the overall market conditions. (correct)
  • It only affects event-driven strategies.

Which of the following best describes first-order risk?

  • It is related to the counterparty's stability.
  • It is significantly influenced by liquidity conditions.
  • It impacts only directional strategies. (correct)
  • It can be eliminated through effective trading models.

Which second-order risk involves the difficulty in selling a security without significantly affecting its price?

  • Trading model risk
  • Liquidity risk (correct)
  • Leverage risk
  • Concentration risk

How does higher leverage impact an investment?

<p>It magnifies both upside and downside potential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a second-order risk?

<p>Market risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does deal breakage risk involve?

<p>The failure of two companies to complete an announced merger (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk is associated with the likelihood that a debt issuer will not fulfill payment obligations?

<p>Default risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of funds specialize in taking positions based on expected company mergers?

<p>Merger arbitrage funds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk is primarily tied to the possibility of a counterparty not meeting its obligations in over-the-counter transactions?

<p>Counterparty risk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does trading risk specifically refer to in financial transactions?

<p>Experiencing unexpected delays in order execution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant operational risk faced by alternative strategy funds?

<p>Potential system failures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hedge funds?

<p>Regulated similar to standard mutual funds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes hedge funds from other managed products in terms of investment strategy selection?

<p>The ability to select superior investments is more critical. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common structural characteristic of hedge funds?

<p>They can be structured as trusts or partnerships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For Canadian investors, what distinguishes liquid alternatives from traditional hedge funds?

<p>Liquid alternatives are subjected to stricter regulatory requirements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of investment vehicle is primarily used for institutional and high-net-worth investors?

<p>Hedge funds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum investment amount set by National Instrument 45-106 for non-individual investors wishing to bypass the prospectus requirement?

<p>$150,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding accredited investor qualifications is accurate?

<p>An individual must beneficially own financial assets of over $1 million. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What exemption allows for the sale of securities without a prospectus to investors based on providing an offering memorandum?

<p>Offering memorandum exemption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an accredited investor in the context of institutional qualifications?

<p>An entity such as a pension fund or corporation with net assets of at least $5 million. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

First-Order Risk

Risk inherent to the overall market, which cannot be mitigated through diversification.

Second-Order Risk

Risk associated with trading aspects, like liquidity and leverage, rather than market forces.

Liquidity Risk

Risk of not being able to quickly sell an asset at a fair price.

Leverage Risk

Risk of loss amplified by using borrowed money to increase potential gains.

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Directional Strategy

Investment strategy based on a fund manager's forecast of market direction (e.g., rising interest rates).

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Deal breakage risk

The risk of loss from a merger not being completed as expected.

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Default risk

The risk that a borrower won't pay back debt.

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Counterparty risk

The risk that a trading partner won't honor their agreement.

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Trading risk

Risk of getting a worse price due to delays in an order being filled.

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Merger arbitrage funds

Funds that invest in mergers/acquisitions.

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Operational Risk in Alternative Funds

The risk associated with potential system failures, faulty settlement procedures, inaccurate reporting, and errors in accounting within alternative investment funds.

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Hedge Fund Characteristics

Hedge funds are lightly regulated investment funds with flexible investment strategies, allowing for short positions, leverage, derivatives, arbitrage, and diverse investment opportunities.

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Why are hedge funds different?

Hedge funds differ from traditional mutual funds primarily due to their regulatory structure, allowing for more aggressive investment strategies, including shorting, leverage, and arbitrage.

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Hedge Fund Structure

Hedge funds don't have a single legal structure; they can be organized as trusts or limited partnerships, among other forms, with investment objectives and investor suitability varying based on the manager's strategy.

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Hedge Fund Manager's Role

Hedge fund managers are crucial in selecting superior investments within their chosen strategies and relevant markets, making their ability to identify opportunities crucial for success.

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Prospectus Exemption

Allows selling securities without a prospectus to qualified investors, bypassing public disclosure requirements.

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Minimum Investment Exemption

Allows selling securities without a prospectus to non-individual investors who invest a minimum amount (usually $150,000 in Canada).

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Accredited Investor Exemption

Allows selling securities without a prospectus to individuals or institutions meeting specific financial criteria.

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Who can invest in hedge funds?

Only investors meeting specific qualifications (like accredited investors or minimum investment exemption) can access hedge funds.

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Institutional Investor

Entities like pension funds, trust companies, and corporations with significant net assets (usually over $5 million).

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Study Notes

Alternative Investments: Benefits, Risks, and Structure

  • Alternative investments include hedge funds and alternative mutual funds
  • They differ from conventional mutual funds in their structure, benefits, and risks
  • Learning objectives include explaining what an alternative investment is, identifying main categories, discussing benefits, describing risks, detailing structural features, and comparing them with conventional mutual funds

Learning Objectives

  • Explain what an alternative investment is.
  • Identify the main categories and sub-categories of alternative investments.
  • Discuss the benefits of adding alternative investments to a portfolio.
  • Describe the risks of investing in alternative investments.
  • Detail the structural features of hedge funds, alternative mutual funds, funds of hedge funds and ETFs.
  • Detail the similarities and differences between alternative mutual funds, hedge funds, and conventional mutual funds.

Content Areas

  • Introduction to Alternative Investments
  • Investing in Alternatives—Benefits and Risks
  • Alternative Investment Structures
  • Comparing Alternative Mutual Funds with Conventional Mutual Funds and Hedge Funds

Key Terms

  • Accredited investor
  • Accredited investor exemption
  • Alternative investment
  • Alternative assets
  • Alternative mutual fund
  • Drawdown
  • Efficient frontier
  • First-order risk
  • Fund of hedge funds
  • Hedge fund
  • High-water mark
  • Hurdle rate
  • Minimum investment exemption
  • Offering memorandum
  • Offering memorandum exemption
  • Operational risk
  • Product transparency
  • Second-order risk

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