Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of action (MOA) for antihistamines?
What is the primary mechanism of action (MOA) for antihistamines?
- Increases blood pressure and heart rate to enhance breathing
- Inhibits the release of histamine to relieve acute symptoms (correct)
- Directly reduces bronchoconstriction and respiratory spasms
- Relieves nasal congestion by promoting vasodilation
What significant side effect should a patient taking decongestants be aware of?
What significant side effect should a patient taking decongestants be aware of?
- Enhanced sedation during daily activities
- Increased blood pressure and heart rate (correct)
- Potential for decreased lung function
- Increased risk of respiratory infections
Which of the following medications is classified as a second-generation antihistamine?
Which of the following medications is classified as a second-generation antihistamine?
- Phenylephrine
- Desloratadine (correct)
- Cetirizine (correct)
- Pseudoephedrine
How do antihistamines provide symptom relief during allergic reactions?
How do antihistamines provide symptom relief during allergic reactions?
What is a critical consideration for patients using nasal decongestants?
What is a critical consideration for patients using nasal decongestants?
What is the primary role of nasal steroids in treating nasal congestion?
What is the primary role of nasal steroids in treating nasal congestion?
What should be a key focus in patient education regarding the use of nasal steroids?
What should be a key focus in patient education regarding the use of nasal steroids?
What is a common side effect associated with the use of nasal steroids?
What is a common side effect associated with the use of nasal steroids?
How long should topical decongestants be used to avoid rebound nasal congestion?
How long should topical decongestants be used to avoid rebound nasal congestion?
Which of the following medications is a nasal steroid used for treating nasal congestion?
Which of the following medications is a nasal steroid used for treating nasal congestion?
What is a critical recommendation for patients experiencing acute viral rhinitis?
What is a critical recommendation for patients experiencing acute viral rhinitis?
What classification of sinusitis might be suspected if symptoms persist for longer than a week?
What classification of sinusitis might be suspected if symptoms persist for longer than a week?
What symptom might suggest the need for antibiotics in a case of pharyngitis?
What symptom might suggest the need for antibiotics in a case of pharyngitis?
What is the maximum flow rate a High Flow Nasal Cannula can generate?
What is the maximum flow rate a High Flow Nasal Cannula can generate?
What needs to be monitored closely when using a mask during inhalation?
What needs to be monitored closely when using a mask during inhalation?
What does a High Flow Nasal Cannula blend with compressed air?
What does a High Flow Nasal Cannula blend with compressed air?
What is the delivered FIO2 range for a High Flow Nasal Cannula at its maximum flow rate?
What is the delivered FIO2 range for a High Flow Nasal Cannula at its maximum flow rate?
Which intervention may be required if advanced measures are needed during inhalation?
Which intervention may be required if advanced measures are needed during inhalation?
What should you ensure about a mask when it is in use for inhalation?
What should you ensure about a mask when it is in use for inhalation?
What is a key advantage of using High Flow Nasal Cannula over traditional oxygen delivery methods?
What is a key advantage of using High Flow Nasal Cannula over traditional oxygen delivery methods?
What might indicate that a patient using a mask requires additional interventions?
What might indicate that a patient using a mask requires additional interventions?
What is a key clinical manifestation that suggests a bacterial infection rather than a viral one?
What is a key clinical manifestation that suggests a bacterial infection rather than a viral one?
Which treatment approach is specific for bacterial infections?
Which treatment approach is specific for bacterial infections?
What is a primary symptom associated with asthma exacerbation?
What is a primary symptom associated with asthma exacerbation?
In the context of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which of the following conditions is primarily linked to cigarette smoking?
In the context of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which of the following conditions is primarily linked to cigarette smoking?
What could potentially lead to cor pulmonale in COPD patients?
What could potentially lead to cor pulmonale in COPD patients?
Which symptom is indicative of a viral throat infection as opposed to a bacterial one?
Which symptom is indicative of a viral throat infection as opposed to a bacterial one?
Which intervention is essential in managing a bacterial throat infection?
Which intervention is essential in managing a bacterial throat infection?
What characterizes chronic bronchitis in the context of COPD?
What characterizes chronic bronchitis in the context of COPD?
Which common symptom may help differentiate between bacterial and viral infections?
Which common symptom may help differentiate between bacterial and viral infections?
What type of lung examination result does not indicate a viral infection?
What type of lung examination result does not indicate a viral infection?
What is the most common symptom of chronic cor pulmonale?
What is the most common symptom of chronic cor pulmonale?
Which of the following is not a typical clinical manifestation of cor pulmonale?
Which of the following is not a typical clinical manifestation of cor pulmonale?
What is the primary purpose of oxygen therapy in COPD treatment?
What is the primary purpose of oxygen therapy in COPD treatment?
At what flow rate is a nasal cannula most effective for oxygen delivery?
At what flow rate is a nasal cannula most effective for oxygen delivery?
What is a significant risk when using a partial and non-rebreather mask?
What is a significant risk when using a partial and non-rebreather mask?
What is the upper limit of oxygen flow recommended for low flow delivery via nasal cannula?
What is the upper limit of oxygen flow recommended for low flow delivery via nasal cannula?
Which oxygen delivery method should be used for short-term therapy only?
Which oxygen delivery method should be used for short-term therapy only?
What complication must be monitored when using oxygen therapy at flow rates above 5 L/min?
What complication must be monitored when using oxygen therapy at flow rates above 5 L/min?
Which of the following oxygen delivery methods delivers the highest concentration of oxygen?
Which of the following oxygen delivery methods delivers the highest concentration of oxygen?
What should be assessed regularly when using a nasal cannula for oxygen therapy?
What should be assessed regularly when using a nasal cannula for oxygen therapy?
Which oxygen delivery system should be employed to achieve precise oxygen concentration?
Which oxygen delivery system should be employed to achieve precise oxygen concentration?
What is the maximum flow rate for a simple face mask to effectively deliver supplemental oxygen?
What is the maximum flow rate for a simple face mask to effectively deliver supplemental oxygen?
What flow rate is required to ensure that a non-rebreather bag remains inflated during use?
What flow rate is required to ensure that a non-rebreather bag remains inflated during use?
What percentage of oxygen concentration can a partial rebreather mask deliver?
What percentage of oxygen concentration can a partial rebreather mask deliver?
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Study Notes
Altered Respiratory Function
- Conditions include COPD, Asthma, Emphysema, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, Sinusitis, and Upper Respiratory Infections (URI).
Anatomy and Physiology
- Upper respiratory airway includes structures that filter, warm, and humidify air.
- Lower respiratory airway encompasses bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli for gas exchange.
- Proper functioning of the respiratory system relies on the anatomy and physiology for effective air movement and gas exchange.
Etiology (Causes)
- Respiratory disorders can stem from environmental factors, infections, allergic reactions, or lifestyle choices, such as smoking.
Medication Overview
- Antihistamines relieve symptoms like nasal secretions, itching, and sneezing; do not help with congestion. Examples: desloratadine, cetirizine, fexofenadine.
- Decongestants promote vasoconstriction in nasal vessels; known side effects include increased blood pressure and heart rate. Caution advised for pre-existing conditions.
- Nasal Steroids are effective in reducing inflammation and draining sinuses with minimal systemic side effects. Examples: Nasacort, Nasonex, Beconase, Flonase.
Acute Viral Rhinitis (Common Cold)
- Symptoms may include sneezing, sore throat, and nasal congestion; typically resolve without intervention.
- Secondary infections may require antibiotics.
Influenza
- Characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, body aches, fatigue, and respiratory symptoms.
Sinusitis
- Symptoms include facial pain, nasal congestion, headache, and a loss of smell.
- Topical decongestants should not be used for more than 4-5 days to avoid rebound congestion.
Pharyngitis
- Bacterial pharyngitis often presents with fever, swollen lymph nodes, and tonsillar exudate, while viral pharyngitis typically shows redness and swelling without fever.
- Treatment varies between antibiotic therapy for bacterial infections and symptom management for viral cases.
Lower Respiratory Problems
- Symptoms may include chronic cough, sputum production, and breathing difficulties.
Tuberculosis
- An infectious disease primarily affecting the lungs, characterized by a chronic cough, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Asthma is marked by variable airway obstruction and is often reversible; managed with bronchodilators.
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is mostly caused by cigarette smoking, leading to chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
COPD Complications
- Polycythemia Vera: Increase in red blood cells due to chronic hypoxia.
- Cor Pulmonale: Right-sided heart failure resulting from pulmonary hypertension. Symptoms include distended neck veins and peripheral edema.
Oxygen Therapy
- Utilized for hypoxemia in respiratory disorders, O2 therapy improves survival in COPD patients.
Oxygen Delivery Systems
- Nasal Cannula: Most commonly used; safe and tolerable flow rates of 1-6 L/min.
- Simple Face Mask: Suitable for short-term therapy; flow rates of 6-12 L/min, ensures snug fit.
- Partial Non-Rebreather Mask: For higher oxygen concentrations (60%-90%); requires monitoring to prevent CO2 buildup.
- High-Flow Nasal Cannula: Blends oxygen with compressed air to generate high FIO2 levels.
Nursing Considerations
- Monitor patients closely during oxygen therapy and be aware of potential advanced interventions required for respiratory distress.
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