Understanding how to Alter Pharmacokinetics in High Risk Patients
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors is related to drug absorption?

  • Greater absorption for highly ionized drugs
  • Greater absorption for lipid soluble drugs (correct)
  • Greater absorption for water soluble drugs
  • Greater absorption for large molecular size

    • What is the effect of molecular size on drug absorption?

  • No effect of molecular size on absorption
  • Decreased absorption for molecular size > 1000
  • High absorption for molecular size > 1000
  • Low absorption for molecular size > 1000 (correct)

    • How does particle size affect drug absorption?

  • Absorption decreases for small particle size
  • Absorption increases for large particle size
  • No effect of particle size on absorption
  • Absorption increases for small particle size (correct)

    • What is the effect of ionization on drug absorption?

    <p>Absorption decreases for high degree of ionization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs have low absorption due to molecular size?

    <p>Molecular size &gt; 1000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs have greater absorption due to lipid solubility?

    <p>Lipid soluble drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects drug absorption in the body the most?

    <p>Surface area of absorptive surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs have high distribution in the body?

    <p>Lipid soluble drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects drug metabolism clearance the most?

    <p>Quality of drug metabolising enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs have low clearance in the body?

    <p>Lipid soluble drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor affects drug excretion clearance the most?

    <p>Quantity of drug transporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs have high clearance in the body?

    <p>Water soluble drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects drug distribution in the body the most?

    <p>Body fat content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor that can lead to variable bioavailability in neonates and pediatric patients?

    <p>Altered gastric emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the differences in distribution between neonates and adults?

    <p>Neonates have greater water content and decreased plasma protein binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor that can contribute to reduced bioavailability in geriatric patients?

    <p>Reduced absorption due to delayed disintegration of tablets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the changes in metabolism commonly seen in geriatric patients?

    <p>Decrease in plasma albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consideration when dosing for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Increased effects of sedatives due to decreased mentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main issues for intravenous anaesthetics in patients with respiratory disease?

    <p>Altered serum pH and protein binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the changes in liver disease that can affect drug metabolism?

    <p>Decreased content and activity of phase 1/2 reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs may require therapeutic monitoring in patients with chronic respiratory disease?

    <p>Drugs with high clearance and reduced dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the therapeutic index of a drug measure?

    <p>The ratio of therapeutic effect to toxic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs have a high therapeutic index?

    <p>NSAIDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs have a low therapeutic index?

    <p>Phenytoin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of therapeutic monitoring?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the best time to sample for therapeutic effect monitoring?

    <p>During steady state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be ensured when investigating potential toxicity?

    <p>Peak concentrations should not exceed minimum toxic concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patients may require therapeutic monitoring for drugs with altered pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Patients with chronic cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal characteristic of a drug's therapeutic index?

    <p>High therapeutic index to effectively overdose without toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors affects drug absorption the most?

    <p>Lipid solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs are more likely to have low absorption due to molecular size?

    <p>Large molecular drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of particle size on drug absorption?

    <p>Increases absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the effect of ionization on drug absorption?

    <p>Decreases absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects drug absorption the most?

    <p>Lipid solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs are difficult to cross membranes due to ionization?

    <p>Weak acids and weak bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of molecular size on drug absorption?

    <p>Decreases absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects drug absorption the most?

    <p>Surface area of absorptive surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects drug distribution in the body the most?

    <p>Lipid solubility of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects drug metabolism clearance the most?

    <p>Enzyme polymorphisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects drug excretion clearance the most?

    <p>Quantity of drug transporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs have high drug distribution in the body?

    <p>Lipid soluble drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs have low drug distribution in the body?

    <p>Water soluble drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects drug plasma protein binding the most?

    <p>Protein binding affinity of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can lead to a variable bioavailability of drugs in neonates and pediatric patients?

    <p>Altered gastric emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of drug metabolism in neonates and foals?

    <p>Biotransformation of drugs is normal within a few days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consideration when dosing for geriatric patients?

    <p>Decreased renal elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of drug absorption in geriatric patients?

    <p>Reduced absorption due to gastric pH increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of drug distribution in neonates?

    <p>Increased distribution for nonlipid drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consideration when dosing for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Increased effects of sedatives due to decreased mentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of drug excretion in patients with renal disease?

    <p>Decreased renal elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for measuring plasma concentration of drugs in special situations?

    <p>To monitor compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the therapeutic window represent on the graph?

    <p>The range of drug concentrations in plasma that produce a therapeutic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is likely to have a high therapeutic index?

    <p>Ibuprofen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is likely to have a low therapeutic index?

    <p>Phenobarbital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the best time to sample for therapeutic effect monitoring?

    <p>During the steady state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for therapeutic monitoring of pharmacokinetics?

    <p>To assess drug distribution in neonates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of sampling peak concentrations during therapeutic monitoring?

    <p>To ensure drug concentrations do not exceed minimum toxic concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of sampling trough concentrations during therapeutic monitoring?

    <p>To ensure drug concentrations are above minimum efficacious concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs may require therapeutic monitoring in patients with chronic respiratory disease?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

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