Understanding how to Alter Pharmacokinetics in High Risk Patients
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors is related to drug absorption?

  • Greater absorption for highly ionized drugs
  • Greater absorption for lipid soluble drugs (correct)
  • Greater absorption for water soluble drugs
  • Greater absorption for large molecular size

What is the effect of molecular size on drug absorption?

  • No effect of molecular size on absorption
  • Decreased absorption for molecular size > 1000
  • High absorption for molecular size > 1000
  • Low absorption for molecular size > 1000 (correct)

How does particle size affect drug absorption?

  • Absorption decreases for small particle size
  • Absorption increases for large particle size
  • No effect of particle size on absorption
  • Absorption increases for small particle size (correct)

What is the effect of ionization on drug absorption?

<p>Absorption decreases for high degree of ionization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs have low absorption due to molecular size?

<p>Molecular size &gt; 1000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs have greater absorption due to lipid solubility?

<p>Lipid soluble drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects drug absorption in the body the most?

<p>Surface area of absorptive surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs have high distribution in the body?

<p>Lipid soluble drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects drug metabolism clearance the most?

<p>Quality of drug metabolising enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs have low clearance in the body?

<p>Lipid soluble drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor affects drug excretion clearance the most?

<p>Quantity of drug transporters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs have high clearance in the body?

<p>Water soluble drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects drug distribution in the body the most?

<p>Body fat content (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor that can lead to variable bioavailability in neonates and pediatric patients?

<p>Altered gastric emptying (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the differences in distribution between neonates and adults?

<p>Neonates have greater water content and decreased plasma protein binding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor that can contribute to reduced bioavailability in geriatric patients?

<p>Reduced absorption due to delayed disintegration of tablets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the changes in metabolism commonly seen in geriatric patients?

<p>Decrease in plasma albumin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consideration when dosing for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease?

<p>Increased effects of sedatives due to decreased mentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main issues for intravenous anaesthetics in patients with respiratory disease?

<p>Altered serum pH and protein binding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the changes in liver disease that can affect drug metabolism?

<p>Decreased content and activity of phase 1/2 reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs may require therapeutic monitoring in patients with chronic respiratory disease?

<p>Drugs with high clearance and reduced dose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the therapeutic index of a drug measure?

<p>The ratio of therapeutic effect to toxic effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs have a high therapeutic index?

<p>NSAIDs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs have a low therapeutic index?

<p>Phenytoin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of therapeutic monitoring?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is the best time to sample for therapeutic effect monitoring?

<p>During steady state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be ensured when investigating potential toxicity?

<p>Peak concentrations should not exceed minimum toxic concentrations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which patients may require therapeutic monitoring for drugs with altered pharmacokinetics?

<p>Patients with chronic cardiovascular disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal characteristic of a drug's therapeutic index?

<p>High therapeutic index to effectively overdose without toxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors affects drug absorption the most?

<p>Lipid solubility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs are more likely to have low absorption due to molecular size?

<p>Large molecular drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of particle size on drug absorption?

<p>Increases absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the effect of ionization on drug absorption?

<p>Decreases absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects drug absorption the most?

<p>Lipid solubility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs are difficult to cross membranes due to ionization?

<p>Weak acids and weak bases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of molecular size on drug absorption?

<p>Decreases absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects drug absorption the most?

<p>Surface area of absorptive surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects drug distribution in the body the most?

<p>Lipid solubility of the drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects drug metabolism clearance the most?

<p>Enzyme polymorphisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects drug excretion clearance the most?

<p>Quantity of drug transporters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs have high drug distribution in the body?

<p>Lipid soluble drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs have low drug distribution in the body?

<p>Water soluble drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects drug plasma protein binding the most?

<p>Protein binding affinity of the drug (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can lead to a variable bioavailability of drugs in neonates and pediatric patients?

<p>Altered gastric emptying (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of drug metabolism in neonates and foals?

<p>Biotransformation of drugs is normal within a few days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consideration when dosing for geriatric patients?

<p>Decreased renal elimination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of drug absorption in geriatric patients?

<p>Reduced absorption due to gastric pH increase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of drug distribution in neonates?

<p>Increased distribution for nonlipid drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consideration when dosing for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease?

<p>Increased effects of sedatives due to decreased mentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of drug excretion in patients with renal disease?

<p>Decreased renal elimination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for measuring plasma concentration of drugs in special situations?

<p>To monitor compliance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the therapeutic window represent on the graph?

<p>The range of drug concentrations in plasma that produce a therapeutic effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is likely to have a high therapeutic index?

<p>Ibuprofen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is likely to have a low therapeutic index?

<p>Phenobarbital (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is the best time to sample for therapeutic effect monitoring?

<p>During the steady state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for therapeutic monitoring of pharmacokinetics?

<p>To assess drug distribution in neonates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sampling peak concentrations during therapeutic monitoring?

<p>To ensure drug concentrations do not exceed minimum toxic concentrations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sampling trough concentrations during therapeutic monitoring?

<p>To ensure drug concentrations are above minimum efficacious concentrations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs may require therapeutic monitoring in patients with chronic respiratory disease?

<p>Benzodiazepines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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