Pathophysiological Concepts Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children

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Questions and Answers

What is the most common bacterial skin infection in children aged 2-5 years old?

Thrush

Impetigo (correct)

Scabies

Tinea corporis

Which organism is NOT associated with Tinea capitis?

Cats

Dogs

Candida albicans (correct)

Rodents

What type of rash is characteristic of rubella?

Vesicular rash

Faint-pink to red maculopapular rash (correct)

Honey-coloured lesions

Circular scaling patches

What is the main cause of chickenpox?

Varicella-zoster virus Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is often effective for uncomplicated chickenpox?

Supportive therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a common source for Tinea corporis?

Sarcoptes scabiei Signup and view all the answers

What are the initial symptoms of chickenpox?

Fever, itching, and vesicles Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of scabies?

Burrows and severe itching Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vaccination related to rubella and other diseases?

It is commonly combined with measles and mumps vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for thrush in infants?

Oral antifungal suspension Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of non-inflammatory acne?

Presence of blackheads and whiteheads Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is commonly recommended for scarring due to inflammatory acne?

Lasers and dermabrasion Signup and view all the answers

What is a major physiological factor contributing to acne vulgaris?

Follicular hyperkeratinization and excessive sebum production Signup and view all the answers

What clinical manifestation distinguishes atopic dermatitis in young children?

Rash on the face, scalp, trunk, arms, and legs Signup and view all the answers

What condition commonly develops from irritant contact dermatitis in infants?

Diaper dermatitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended treatment for diaper dermatitis?

Restricting air exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is a common secondarily infecting agent associated with diaper dermatitis?

Candida albicans Signup and view all the answers

What skin condition is characterized by severe itching and an eczematoid appearance?

Atopic dermatitis Signup and view all the answers

In which age range is acne vulgaris most commonly seen?

Ages 12 to 25 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following management approaches is part of clinical management for acne?

Implement systemic therapies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for pediculosis (lice)?

Application of pediculicides and washing clothing Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is most commonly associated with flea bites?

Urticarial wheal with a central puncture Signup and view all the answers

What defines cutaneous vascular malformations?

Congenital anomalies of blood vessels present at birth Signup and view all the answers

Cavernous hemangiomas are classified as which type of hemangioma?

Congenital hemangiomas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of port-wine stains?

They are flat, pink to dark reddish-purple lesions Signup and view all the answers

What is the first-line treatment for superficial hemangiomas?

Use of beta-blockers like propranolol Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is indicated for controlling flea infestations in pets and home environments?

Spraying the home and treating infected animals Signup and view all the answers

How do deep hemangiomas differ from superficial hemangiomas?

Deep hemangiomas do not regress with time Signup and view all the answers

Salmon patches are a type of cutaneous vascular malformation that typically do which of the following?

Fade by 1 year of age Signup and view all the answers

Which of these treatment options is not typically used for bedbug infestations?

Fumigating with dry ice Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Acne Vulgaris

Most prevalent skin disease, primarily affecting ages 12-25.
Develops in sebaceous follicles on the face, chest, and back.
Non-inflammatory types: blackheads (open) and whiteheads (closed).
Inflammatory type: cystic acne characterized by deep cystic nodules.
Physiological factors include follicular hyperkeratinization, excessive sebum production influenced by androgens, and proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes leading to inflammation.
Treatment options include topical treatments, systemic therapies, and procedures for scarring like dermabrasion and lasers.

Atopic Dermatitis

Leading eczema type in children with genetic predisposition and altered immune responses.
Symptoms include severe itching, eczematous appearance, and varied skin lesion distribution by age.
Younger children may have rashes on the face, scalp, trunk, arms, and legs, while older children experience rashes on the neck, folds of the arms and legs, and hands and feet.
Management focuses on avoiding triggers and keeping skin moisturized.

Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash)

A form of irritant contact dermatitis resulting from prolonged exposure to urine and feces.
Often complicated by Candida albicans infection.
Affects lower abdomen, genitalia, buttocks, and thighs.
Symptoms range from mild erythema to papular lesions.
Treatment strategies include frequent diaper changes, air exposure, superabsorbent diapers, and topical remedies like petroleum or zinc oxide. Antifungals may be necessary for candidiasis.

Impetigo

Most common bacterial skin infection in children aged 2-5.
Caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.
High incidence in hot, humid environments and among those in crowded living situations.
Symptoms include blister formation and honey-colored lesions on the face, especially around the nose and mouth.
Treatment involves topical mupirocin or fusidic acid, and antibiotics for severe cases.

Fungal Infections

Tinea capitis: Scalp ringworm caused by fungi from pets. Features include broken hairs and raised borders.
Tinea corporis: Ringworm with erythematous scaling patches, often sourced from kittens or puppies. Both treated with topical antifungals.
Thrush: Caused by Candida albicans, presenting as white plaques in the mouth leading to ulcers. Treatment includes oral antifungal suspension.

Viral Infections

Rubella: Caused by an RNA virus; symptoms include lymphadenopathy, low-grade fever, and a faint-pink rash. No specific treatment, supportive care is recommended.
Chickenpox (Varicella): A childhood infection marked by fever and vesicles, spread by contact or airborne droplets. Vaccination available, uncomplicated cases need no therapy.
Shingles (Herpes Zoster): Occurs in adults who had varicella. Symptoms and treatment are similar to chickenpox, with possible antiviral medications.

Insect Bites and Parasites

Scabies: Caused by the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei, it presents with severe itching and lesions. Treatment involves scabicides and cleaning bedding.
Lice (Pediculosis): Highly contagious, signs include pruritus from blood-sucking. Treatment includes pediculicides and washing contaminated items.
Flea Bites: Present as clusters of wheals on limbs. Treatment includes treating the home environment and affected animals.
Bedbugs: Leave red lesions after feeding at night. Management involves cleaning infested items and using insecticides.

Cutaneous Hemangiomas

Benign tumors due to rapid endothelial cell growth, leading to extra blood vessels.
Superficial types: strawberry hemangiomas; deep types: cavernous hemangiomas.
Treatments may involve beta-blockers like propranolol, steroids, cryosurgery, laser surgery, and radiotherapy.

Cutaneous Vascular Malformations

Rare congenital blood vessel anomalies present at birth that grow with the child.
Types are classified into low-flow (capillaries, veins, lymphatics) and high-flow (arteries).
Port-wine stains: Flat reddish-purple lesions treated with pulsed dye lasers.
Salmon patches (stork bites): Macular lesions that typically fade within the first year.

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Description

This quiz covers common skin alterations in children, focusing on conditions such as Acne Vulgaris and Atopic Dermatitis. Learn about the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for these prevalent skin diseases affecting children. Test your knowledge and understanding of these important dermatological topics.