السياسات الاقتصادية

Economic policies are tools of government policy to maintain economic stability, achieve economic development, and improve societal well-being.
Governments understand their responsibility to foster economic development and stability, particularly after global economic fluctuations, and take action through economic policies.

Economic Policy:
- Definition, origin, and emergence
- Classification of economic policies
- Objectives of economic policies
Tools of Economic Policy:
- Fiscal policy (budgetary policy)
- Monetary policy
- Trade policy

Concept of Economic Policy: A government tool to stabilize and balance economic activity, and promote economic development and prosperity for all societies.
Origin of Economic Policy: The global economic crisis of 1929 exposed the inadequacies of purely laissez-faire economic principles (where the government does not interfere with the market), demonstrating the necessity of government intervention using economic policies to restore stability. The rise of Keynesian economics further solidified this need.

Economic policy is the government's actions that shape the economic environment in which economic actors operate.
It involves choosing between various methods to achieve specific economic and social goals and finding the best ways to reach those goals.
Defined by others as a set of economic tools, objectives, and their relationships; the state is responsible for creating and implementing these policies.

Criteria:
- Goal-oriented: cyclical or structural
- Impact-oriented: affecting aggregate demand or aggregate supply

Objectives: maintain overall economic balance.
Instruments: adjusting monetary, fiscal, and trade policies to address short-term economic fluctuations.
Types: stabilization policies to correct partial imbalances in the short-term.
- Stabilization Policy: Maintain overall economic balance by controlling inflation, stabilizing currency, ensuring balance of payments, and achieving full employment
- Expansionary Policy: Stimulates economic activity through budget deficits and fostering investment, lending, and consumption to increase economic activity.
- Contractionary Policy: Aims to curb economic activity to curb inflation through actions like mandatory deductions from income, freezing wages, and reducing the money supply.
- Stop-Go Policy: Repeated alternation between expansionary and contractionary policies based on specific economic conditions.

Objectives: fundamental changes in the economy.
Instruments: Policies to modify the structure of the economy, aiming at long-term development.
Examples: industrial, agricultural, and social policies that induce fundamental shifts in societal and economic arrangements to achieve sustained development.

Duration: Cyclical policies are short-term; structural policies are long-term.
Goal: Cyclical policies address immediate imbalances; structural policies aim at fundamental change.
Impact: Cyclical policies have a quantitative impact; structural policies have a qualitative impact.

Economic Growth: Increasing the average individual GDP per person to achieve long-term economic growth (GDP growth rate exceeding the population growth rate)
Full Employment: Utilizing all available resources to create maximum employment opportunities and minimize unemployment.
External Balance: Maintaining a balance of trade and capital flow with other countries (GDP savings) and keeping currency stability.
Price Stability: Controlling inflation and maintaining a stable price level.

Fiscal Policy: Government's budget: revenue (e.g., taxes) and expenditure (e.g., public spending).
Monetary Policy: Central bank controls money supply and credit to regulate money and credit throughout the economy.
Trade Policy: Government actions to control imports and exports to manage international trade and balance of payments.

Maintaining general economic equilibrium: A balance between national expenditure (consumption, investment, and government expenditure) and national output to support full resource utilization.
Maintaining a balance between the public and private sectors: Ideally, the marginal benefits of government expenditure equal the marginal costs paid by taxpayers for balanced public-private sector interaction.
Optimizing overall wealth: The government should aim to use available public resources to optimize societal well-being.
Optimizing budget expenditure: The government should optimally allocate public resources to achieve its objectives.

Government spending: Increasing or decreasing government spending to impact overall economic activity.
Taxation: Increasing or decreasing taxes to influence individuals' and corporations' disposable income and, consequently, their spending and investment decisions.
Budget: State budget reflecting government's expected expenditures and revenues. The budget's surplus or deficit often becomes an instrument for the fiscal policy.

Reserve requirements: Rules defining the proportion of deposits that banks must hold as reserves.
Discount rate: The interest rate at which banks can borrow money directly from the central bank.
Open market operations: Buying or selling government securities to influence the money supply and credit.

Protectionist policies: Restrict trade to protect domestic industries.
Free trade policies: Promote unrestricted trade to optimize resource allocation.

The use of fiscal, monetary, and trade policies is crucial for nations to overcome economic challenges and achieve national targets for economic prosperity.