Dr. Toffolo Comprehensive Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of Chain of Custody in forensic analysis?

  • To determine the type of bodily fluids present at a crime scene
  • To conduct confirmatory tests on collected samples
  • To visualize bodily fluids using a light source
  • To track the movement of evidence from person to person or location to person (correct)

Which technique utilizes a light source to visualize bodily fluids at a crime scene?

  • ALS (correct)
  • Histological staining
  • Microscopy
  • Chain of Custody

What is the most reliable confirmatory test for semen?

  • Micro centrifugation
  • Christmas tree stain
  • Histological staining and light microscopy (correct)
  • Distilled water agitation

Why are accredited laboratories required to maintain a chain of custody?

<p>To track the movement of all items in their possession (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if evidence lacks a proper chain of custody?

<p>The evidence will be thrown out (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Nuclear Fast Red stain in the staining solution?

<p>To stain DNA-containing heads bright crimson (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test should be conducted if the Acid Phosphate test has negative results but the sample was presumptively positive for semen?

<p>Test for the presence of p30 or PSA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are ions separated in a mass spectrometer based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z)?

<p>By their m/e ratio (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of TLC in forensic drug testing?

<p>To determine the chemical group of a drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are calibrators and controls used in mass spectrometry?

<p>To quantify the analyte present (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a confirmatory test after a presumptive test like TLC?

<p>To provide additional confirmation of the results (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which step of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) process does the DNA go from double stranded to single stranded?

<p>Denaturation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Taq Polymerase in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) process?

<p>Extending the target sequence from primers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are typically used to make glass?

<p>Sand, limestone, and sodium carbonate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does rifling refer to in the context of a firearm's barrel?

<p>The areas cut into the barrel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle behind Infrared Spectrometry for compound identification?

<p>The unique way compounds react to infrared light due to their structure and chemical bonds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do compounds in a sample do when exposed to Infrared light?

<p>Vibrate at different frequencies and absorb IR light at specific vibrational frequencies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) in an organization?

<p>To explain the routine behind an activity done by an organization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between direct and indirect microcrystal tests?

<p>Direct tests interact with the compound and produce crystals, while indirect tests determine compound presence without interacting directly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of IR spectra plotted during Infrared Spectrometry?

<p>A series of detailed peaks and troughs for molecule structure comparison. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

FTIR is used for confirmatory drug analysis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Direct microcrystal tests directly interact with compounds to produce crystals.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indirect microcrystal tests determine compound presence without direct interaction with the compound.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An SOP typically includes a revision history.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infrared spectrometry uses ultraviolet light to detect compounds in a sample.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structure of a compound has no impact on how it reacts to infrared light.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In FTIR, specific light frequencies are absorbed by molecules due to their structure.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Components of an SOP always include equipment and reagents.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Direct microcrystal tests are used as negative tests to determine compound presence.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indirect microcrystal tests only interact with the drug-derivative compound, not the original compound.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind Infrared Spectrometry for compound identification?

<p>The principle is that different parts of the drug molecule absorb specific light frequencies, producing peaks and troughs on an IR spectrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components typically found in a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)?

<p>Components of an SOP include title, authors, issue and revision dates, SOP identification number, approval signatures, scope, procedures, quality control, safety, and more.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between direct and indirect microcrystal tests.

<p>Direct tests interact directly with compounds to produce crystals, while indirect tests infer compound presence without direct interaction by other means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a confirmatory test after a presumptive test like TLC?

<p>The purpose is to conclusively confirm the presence of a specific substance detected in the presumptive test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are calibrators and controls used in mass spectrometry?

<p>Calibrators are used to ensure accurate measurement, while controls are used to validate the performance of the instrument.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if evidence lacks a proper chain of custody?

<p>Lack of proper chain of custody can lead to evidence being inadmissible in court due to concerns about tampering or contamination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of IR spectra plotted during Infrared Spectrometry?

<p>The main outcome is the arrangement and pattern of peaks on the IR spectra which can be compared to reference spectra for compound identification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Taq Polymerase in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) process?

<p>Taq Polymerase is used to amplify DNA by synthesizing new DNA strands from a DNA template during PCR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Nuclear Fast Red stain in the staining solution?

<p>Nuclear Fast Red stain is used to visualize the nuclei of cells in a staining solution, aiding in microscopic examination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between indirect and direct microcrystal tests?

<p>Direct tests directly react with compounds to produce crystals, while indirect tests infer compound presence without direct interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of an SOP with their descriptions:

<p>Title of SOP = Defines the purpose of the SOP Approval signatures = Sign-off from authorized personnel Procedures = Step-by-step instructions for conducting the activity Quality Control = Ensures adherence to set standards and accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct definitions related to Infrared Spectrometry:

<p>Analyte = The substance being analyzed by spectrometry IR Spectra = Graphical representation of data showing absorption peaks FTIR = Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry technique Reference Spectra = Predefined spectra used for comparison and identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of microcrystal tests with their corresponding characteristics:

<p>Direct tests = Interact directly with the compound to produce crystals Indirect tests = Determine compound presence without direct interaction with the compound Negative test = Compound fails to produce a crystal indicating its presence Derivative test = Testing the drug-derivative compound, not the original compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of an IR spectra with their meanings:

<p>Peaks = Represent absorption of IR light at specific frequencies Troughs = Indicate regions where less IR light is absorbed Arrangement pattern = Unique arrangement showing compound's characteristic response Comparison to reference spectra = Used for identification based on peak similarities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the equipment/supplies typically found in an SOP with their purposes:

<p>Equipment = Tools required to conduct the activity Reagents = Chemicals necessary for performing specific tests Sample collection = Procedure for proper collection, preservation, and handling of samples Scope = Defines the boundaries and extent of the SOP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of a drug molecule that absorb IR light with their significance:

<p>Different parts of drug molecule = Ability to absorb specific IR light frequencies Series of detailed peaks and troughs = Correspondent to molecule structure for comparison Light absorption frequency correlation = Characteristic features indicating molecule structure Chart or spectrum plotting = Visual representation of absorption patterns for identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the principles behind FTIR with their explanations:

<p>Molecular excitation by IR light = Causing molecular changes affecting IR light absorption/transmission Composition identification basis = Unique peaks and patterns correlate to specific molecular structures Confirmatory drug analysis method = Utilizing specific light absorption frequencies for identification Detailed peaks and troughs in spectra = Represent characteristic responses based on molecular structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following SOP components with their purposes:

<p>Referenced documents / definitions and terminology = Clarify specific terms and references used in the SOP. Monitoring &amp; compliance = Ensuring adherence to regulations and standards during operations. Miscellaneous = Other relevant information not covered in specific sections. Reporting Results = Documenting and communicating findings from conducted procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to drug testing in an SOP with their roles:

<p>Sample collection which includes preservation and handling = Procedure for collecting, preserving, and handling samples properly. Method Performance = Ensuring that methods used meet defined performance criteria. Safety = Guidelines and precautions to ensure safety during testing procedures. Revision History = Record of changes made over time to the SOP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the descriptions of direct and indirect microcrystal tests with their corresponding types:

<p>Direct tests are ones that directly react with the compound = Direct tests Indirect tests are ones that determine that the compound is there by not directly interacting with it = Indirect tests A type of negative test where failure to produce crystals indicates compound presence = Direct tests A test that focuses on drug-derivative compounds rather than the original compound = Indirect tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

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