lecture 18

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Which cortical area contains neurons that project directly to motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord?

Primary sensory cortex

Premotor cortex

Posterior parietal cortex

Primary motor cortex (M1) (correct)

What is the function of the central sulcus in the brain?

It processes somatosensory information

It contains the primary motor cortex

It divides the frontal and parietal lobes (correct)

It coordinates complex hand and face movements

Which cortical area is primarily involved in the control of complex, learned movements of the hands and face?

Primary sensory cortex

Primary motor cortex (M1)

Posterior parietal cortex

Premotor cortex (correct)

What is the purpose of the somatotopic mapping in the primary motor cortex (M1)?

To project directly to motor neurons controlling specific body parts (B) Signup and view all the answers

How are the left and right sides of the spinal cord coordinated for movement?

Due to coordinating fibers connecting the central pattern generators (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key evidence that the posterior parietal cortex acts as a spatial map?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do we know that the primary motor cortex (M1) is somatotopically organized?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of the somatotopic organization in the primary motor cortex (M1)?

The hands and face have a disproportionately large representation in M1 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the primary motor cortex (M1) and the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the somatotopic organization of the primary motor cortex (M1) develop?

It is shaped by the patterns of sensory input and motor output during development and learning (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)?

Receiving and processing somatosensory information (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the premotor cortex?

Planning complex motor acts (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cortical area provides a spatial map giving information about positioning with respect to a goal object?

Posterior parietal cortex (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in movement generation?

Directing the execution of tasks (A) Signup and view all the answers

In somatotopic mapping, where are projections from neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex directed to?

Corresponding regions of the primary motor cortex (M1) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does adding glutamate to the bath have on the spinal cord in terms of activity?

Enhances patterned motor output (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of multiple CPGs in the spinal cord impact motor output coordination?

Leads to uncoordinated motor output from different sides (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the motor output coordination when a thin section of the spinal cord is bisected after generating rhythmic motor output?

Motor output from the two sides is no longer coordinated (C) Signup and view all the answers

How can patterned motor output be produced from a thin slice of spinal cord when placed in a dish?

By stimulating the dorsal roots (A) Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the activity of central pattern generators (CPGs) in the spinal cord?

Sensory stimulation of the ventral roots (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which proprioceptive information regulates the rate of CPG activity?

Proprioceptive feedback alters the sensory input to the CPG, which then adjusts the rate of CPG output. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What evidence suggests that there are multiple, independent CPGs controlling different limb girdles?

Transection of the spinal cord between the lumbar and cervical enlargements results in the front and hind limbs losing coordination, but each limb girdle maintaining its own alternating pattern. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do the CPGs controlling the fore- and hindlimbs become coordinated during locomotion?

Commissural interneurons with axons crossing the midline provide excitatory connections between the CPGs on each side. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant neurotransmitter released by proprioceptive afferents that convey information to the spinal CPGs?

Glutamate (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does stimulation of the dorsal roots influence the activity of the spinal CPGs?

Dorsal root stimulation directly activates the CPG circuits, leading to rhythmic motor output. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a central pattern generator (CPG) in the spinal cord?

To generate rhythmic motor patterns for coordinated movements, such as walking or breathing, even without input from higher brain regions (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does stimulation of the dorsal roots of the spinal cord affect the activity of a CPG?

It modulates the frequency and amplitude of the CPG's oscillations, allowing for adjustments in the motor pattern (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of glutamate in the function of spinal CPGs?

Glutamate excites CPG neurons, contributing to the generation and maintenance of rhythmic motor patterns (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is the coordinated activity of motor neurons on the left and right sides of the spinal cord achieved during rhythmic movements like walking?

By a single bilateral CPG that projects to motor neurons on both sides of the spinal cord (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which sensory input from the periphery modulates the activity of spinal CPGs?

Activation of propriospinal interneurons, which relay sensory information to CPG neurons (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism for the voluntary initiation of locomotion?

Projections from neurons in the forebrain to command neurons in the mesencephalic locomotor nucleus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sensory feedback from moving legs during locomotion?

It turns on the CPGs, which then coordinate the locomotor movements (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of proprioceptor mentioned in the text?

Golgi tendon organs embedded in muscles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the proprioceptive information provided by the various sensory receptors mentioned in the text?

To integrate and provide information about the location of body parts (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mesencephalic locomotor nucleus in locomotion?

It receives projections from the forebrain to initiate voluntary locomotion (C) Signup and view all the answers

lecture 18

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Questions and Answers

Which cortical area contains neurons that project directly to motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord?

What is the function of the central sulcus in the brain?

Which cortical area is primarily involved in the control of complex, learned movements of the hands and face?

What is the purpose of the somatotopic mapping in the primary motor cortex (M1)?

How are the left and right sides of the spinal cord coordinated for movement?

What is the key evidence that the posterior parietal cortex acts as a spatial map?

How do we know that the primary motor cortex (M1) is somatotopically organized?

What is the key feature of the somatotopic organization in the primary motor cortex (M1)?

What is the relationship between the primary motor cortex (M1) and the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)?

How does the somatotopic organization of the primary motor cortex (M1) develop?

What is the primary function of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)?

What is the main function of the premotor cortex?

Which cortical area provides a spatial map giving information about positioning with respect to a goal object?

What is the role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in movement generation?

In somatotopic mapping, where are projections from neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex directed to?

What effect does adding glutamate to the bath have on the spinal cord in terms of activity?

How does the presence of multiple CPGs in the spinal cord impact motor output coordination?

What happens to the motor output coordination when a thin section of the spinal cord is bisected after generating rhythmic motor output?

How can patterned motor output be produced from a thin slice of spinal cord when placed in a dish?

What initiates the activity of central pattern generators (CPGs) in the spinal cord?

What is the primary mechanism by which proprioceptive information regulates the rate of CPG activity?

What evidence suggests that there are multiple, independent CPGs controlling different limb girdles?

How do the CPGs controlling the fore- and hindlimbs become coordinated during locomotion?

What is the predominant neurotransmitter released by proprioceptive afferents that convey information to the spinal CPGs?

How does stimulation of the dorsal roots influence the activity of the spinal CPGs?

What is the primary function of a central pattern generator (CPG) in the spinal cord?

How does stimulation of the dorsal roots of the spinal cord affect the activity of a CPG?

Which statement best describes the role of glutamate in the function of spinal CPGs?

How is the coordinated activity of motor neurons on the left and right sides of the spinal cord achieved during rhythmic movements like walking?

What is the primary mechanism by which sensory input from the periphery modulates the activity of spinal CPGs?

What is the primary mechanism for the voluntary initiation of locomotion?

What is the role of sensory feedback from moving legs during locomotion?

Which of the following is NOT a type of proprioceptor mentioned in the text?

What is the primary function of the proprioceptive information provided by the various sensory receptors mentioned in the text?

What is the role of the mesencephalic locomotor nucleus in locomotion?

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