lecture 18
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Questions and Answers

Which cortical area contains neurons that project directly to motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord?

  • Primary sensory cortex
  • Premotor cortex
  • Posterior parietal cortex
  • Primary motor cortex (M1) (correct)
  • What is the function of the central sulcus in the brain?

  • It processes somatosensory information
  • It contains the primary motor cortex
  • It divides the frontal and parietal lobes (correct)
  • It coordinates complex hand and face movements
  • Which cortical area is primarily involved in the control of complex, learned movements of the hands and face?

  • Primary sensory cortex
  • Primary motor cortex (M1)
  • Posterior parietal cortex
  • Premotor cortex (correct)
  • What is the purpose of the somatotopic mapping in the primary motor cortex (M1)?

    <p>To project directly to motor neurons controlling specific body parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the left and right sides of the spinal cord coordinated for movement?

    <p>Due to coordinating fibers connecting the central pattern generators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key evidence that the posterior parietal cortex acts as a spatial map?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do we know that the primary motor cortex (M1) is somatotopically organized?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of the somatotopic organization in the primary motor cortex (M1)?

    <p>The hands and face have a disproportionately large representation in M1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the primary motor cortex (M1) and the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the somatotopic organization of the primary motor cortex (M1) develop?

    <p>It is shaped by the patterns of sensory input and motor output during development and learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)?

    <p>Receiving and processing somatosensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the premotor cortex?

    <p>Planning complex motor acts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cortical area provides a spatial map giving information about positioning with respect to a goal object?

    <p>Posterior parietal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in movement generation?

    <p>Directing the execution of tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In somatotopic mapping, where are projections from neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex directed to?

    <p>Corresponding regions of the primary motor cortex (M1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does adding glutamate to the bath have on the spinal cord in terms of activity?

    <p>Enhances patterned motor output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of multiple CPGs in the spinal cord impact motor output coordination?

    <p>Leads to uncoordinated motor output from different sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the motor output coordination when a thin section of the spinal cord is bisected after generating rhythmic motor output?

    <p>Motor output from the two sides is no longer coordinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can patterned motor output be produced from a thin slice of spinal cord when placed in a dish?

    <p>By stimulating the dorsal roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the activity of central pattern generators (CPGs) in the spinal cord?

    <p>Sensory stimulation of the ventral roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which proprioceptive information regulates the rate of CPG activity?

    <p>Proprioceptive feedback alters the sensory input to the CPG, which then adjusts the rate of CPG output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggests that there are multiple, independent CPGs controlling different limb girdles?

    <p>Transection of the spinal cord between the lumbar and cervical enlargements results in the front and hind limbs losing coordination, but each limb girdle maintaining its own alternating pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the CPGs controlling the fore- and hindlimbs become coordinated during locomotion?

    <p>Commissural interneurons with axons crossing the midline provide excitatory connections between the CPGs on each side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant neurotransmitter released by proprioceptive afferents that convey information to the spinal CPGs?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stimulation of the dorsal roots influence the activity of the spinal CPGs?

    <p>Dorsal root stimulation directly activates the CPG circuits, leading to rhythmic motor output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a central pattern generator (CPG) in the spinal cord?

    <p>To generate rhythmic motor patterns for coordinated movements, such as walking or breathing, even without input from higher brain regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stimulation of the dorsal roots of the spinal cord affect the activity of a CPG?

    <p>It modulates the frequency and amplitude of the CPG's oscillations, allowing for adjustments in the motor pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of glutamate in the function of spinal CPGs?

    <p>Glutamate excites CPG neurons, contributing to the generation and maintenance of rhythmic motor patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the coordinated activity of motor neurons on the left and right sides of the spinal cord achieved during rhythmic movements like walking?

    <p>By a single bilateral CPG that projects to motor neurons on both sides of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which sensory input from the periphery modulates the activity of spinal CPGs?

    <p>Activation of propriospinal interneurons, which relay sensory information to CPG neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism for the voluntary initiation of locomotion?

    <p>Projections from neurons in the forebrain to command neurons in the mesencephalic locomotor nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sensory feedback from moving legs during locomotion?

    <p>It turns on the CPGs, which then coordinate the locomotor movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of proprioceptor mentioned in the text?

    <p>Golgi tendon organs embedded in muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proprioceptive information provided by the various sensory receptors mentioned in the text?

    <p>To integrate and provide information about the location of body parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the mesencephalic locomotor nucleus in locomotion?

    <p>It receives projections from the forebrain to initiate voluntary locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

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