المرحلة الثانية من بناء القصر

Ancient Greek Architecture: Temples of the 4th Century BC

• Significant political and cultural changes occurred during the 4th century BC.
• Artists prioritized earthly goals over perfection in their architecture, reflecting a decline in religious devotion towards the Olympian gods.
• Temples often blended different architectural styles, particularly the Corinthian style, which emerged later.
• Open back chambers (Opisthodomus) became less common.
• Exterior colonnades were used less frequently, and the western sides were often solid walls, exemplified by the Temple of Asclepius in Epidaurus (380 BC).

Decorative Elements of the 4th Century BC

• Decorative friezes (Symar Recta) featured plant motifs (Rinceau Reliefs) and elaborate designs.
• Continuous roof decorations (Antefixes) were prevalent.

Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea

• King Aleus of Tegea commissioned this temple in the archaic period, which was destroyed by fire around 395 BC.
• Construction of the new temple began in the second quarter of the 4th century BC.
• Celebrated sculptor Scopas participated in the decoration, as documented by Pausanias.
• The temple has an eastern naos (cella), a Pronaos (porch) with two columns in antis, and an Opisthodomus (back room).
• It is surrounded by Ionic columns and had an additional entrance on the north side.
• Pilasters with Ionic ornamentation and an entablature with distinctive decorative elements (Cima recta, Rinceau reliefs, and Antefixes) were incorporated.
• Corinthian columns were within the naos, and Ionic columns were in the corners.
• A large water reservoir made of marble was found near the temple, where the priestess Auge is said to have washed the statue of the goddess, sculpted by Scopas, during the annual Plynteria festival.

Commercial Centers and Ionian Temples

• Ionian temples emerged in Asia Minor.
• The Artemision in Ephesus was a significant and grand Ionian temple, combining various structural elements in its design.
• Archaeological layers reveal its construction spanned centuries, from the 7th century BC to around the 200 BC period before its destruction by the Persians.
• Some of the earlier elements include statues and decorative works made of ivory.
• The temple's design featured a double row of columns (dipteral) and a large naos with rows of columns.
• The design included a pronounced Proneos entrance and an inner Opisthodomus room and steps.
• The temple faced the west instead of the east.

Early Greek Houses (Pre-Hellenistic)

• Early Greek houses evolved from simple circular huts to rectangular structures with sloping roofs for protection from the elements.
• Early homes often consisted of just a few interconnected rooms arranged within a single level.
• The Megaron, a rectangular hall with a central hearth, was a significant architectural feature in early palaces.
• Entrances often included a porch with two columns (Proneos).
• The central courtyard design surrounded by various rooms (Peristyle) later became a common feature.

Hellenistic Houses

• Hellenistic houses often incorporated a central courtyard, organizing rooms around it. This design provided natural light and ventilation.
• Simple houses were most common during the early phases of the Hellenistic period; fewer ruins from that period survive.
• Other, larger buildings, like those in Andros and Chios from the 8th to 7th centuries BC, reveal a significant Megaron style persistence.
• Pre-Megaron style houses consisted of a main hall accessible through a porch with supports.
• Houses in Zagora, Andros, featured a courtyard design with rooms on three sides, including a covered veranda, and these plans continued into later centuries.
• Later houses featured various rooms sized to fit different purposes, and the house plan around a courtyard was the common approach throughout the Hellenistic period.
• This setup suited city layouts with perpendicular streets and created rectangular blocks for better living.

Athenian Houses

• They were built of stone in the later half of the 5th century BC
• Smaller houses were more central
• Large houses were built in the outskirts, were larger with a courtyard, rooms for social gatherings (Andron) and separate spaces for women (Gynaeconites).
• Larger houses commonly had two stories.

Greek Treasuries

• Dedicated to the gods.

• Often made of stone or marble, with Doric or Ionic style elements.

• Common design in all the treasury types:

  • A rectangular or square form.
  • An entrance and a main room (Naos).

• Significant variations in the designs.

Greek Buildings with Circular Plan (Tholos)

• Round buildings, often with religious significance, differed from traditional temples, treasuries, and houses, lacking worship statues.
• Examples include the Tholos of Delphi (arched interior), constructed around 380-360 BC.
• The Tholos of Epidaurus is another prominent example.
• The Philipton at Olympia was built later and incorporated a design with columns, both Ionic and Corinthian.

Greek Theaters

• Theaters were built on hillsides for natural acoustics.
• They featured a circular orchestra area for performers and a semicircular seating area (auditorium) for the audience.
• Different parts of the theater included the orchestra, parodos (entrances), skene (stage building), and the auditorium.
• Some theaters had two levels of seating separated by the diazoma.
• Stage buildings (proskenion) evolved in design from wood to stone.

Odeons

• These structures were used for musical competitions.
• Often resembled small theaters with seating for audiences, but didn't have the same scale.
• Odeon of Pericles in Athens: a large rectangular building made of wood with a distinct design that later burned in a war and was rebuilt.
• Odeon of Herodes Atticus, a well-preserved odeon, displayed significant architectural advancements.

Greek Athletic and Educational Buildings

• Greek education involved separate levels of training (paidagogos, palaestra, gymnasium) for boys of differing ages.
• Gymnasia were multi-purpose complexes with areas for training and lodging, and those used for athletic training.
• Palaestrae: smaller training areas, often within the gymnasium grounds, and were frequently used for wrestling and other sports.
• Stadiums: used for running races and other athletic competitions, and varied in size and location with the most famous example, that of Olympia.
• Hippodromes: racing courses for horse-drawn vehicles, distinguished by their oblong shape and additional design elements.

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