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Questions and Answers
Which characteristic distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?
Which characteristic distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?
- Endocrine glands secrete products through ducts, while exocrine glands are ductless.
- Endocrine glands affect only local tissues, while exocrine glands affect distant tissues.
- Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete products directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete through ducts. (correct)
- Endocrine glands produce hormones, while exocrine glands produce enzymes.
Homeostasis, a key function influenced by the endocrine system, primarily involves:
Homeostasis, a key function influenced by the endocrine system, primarily involves:
- Regulating body temperature independently of external conditions.
- Maintaining stable internal body conditions despite external changes. (correct)
- Promoting rapid growth and development during puberty.
- Facilitating immediate responses to acute stress.
A marathon runner relies on hormones to maintain blood glucose levels during a race. Which hormone type is LEAST likely to be involved in providing sustained energy during the run?
A marathon runner relies on hormones to maintain blood glucose levels during a race. Which hormone type is LEAST likely to be involved in providing sustained energy during the run?
- Lipid hormones such as cortisol
- Peptide hormones such as insulin
- Peptide hormones made of polypeptide chains such as antidiuretic hormone (correct)
- Amino-acid derived hormones such as epinephrine
A researcher is studying the effects of a new hormone on muscle cells. She observes that the hormone binds to receptors inside the cells rather than on the cell surface. What type of hormone is she most likely studying?
A researcher is studying the effects of a new hormone on muscle cells. She observes that the hormone binds to receptors inside the cells rather than on the cell surface. What type of hormone is she most likely studying?
During pregnancy, a woman's uterus becomes more sensitive to oxytocin, leading to stronger contractions during labor. Which mechanism BEST explains this increased sensitivity?
During pregnancy, a woman's uterus becomes more sensitive to oxytocin, leading to stronger contractions during labor. Which mechanism BEST explains this increased sensitivity?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the endocrine system's role in stress management?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the endocrine system's role in stress management?
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland perform different roles in the endocrine system, working together to regulate various bodily functions. Which statement accurately describes their interaction?
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland perform different roles in the endocrine system, working together to regulate various bodily functions. Which statement accurately describes their interaction?
If the anterior pituitary is responsible for the synthesis and release of multiple hormones, what is the primary function of the posterior pituitary?
If the anterior pituitary is responsible for the synthesis and release of multiple hormones, what is the primary function of the posterior pituitary?
A child is diagnosed with a tumor affecting the anterior pituitary gland, leading to excessive secretion of growth hormone. What condition is MOST likely to develop if this condition remains untreated?
A child is diagnosed with a tumor affecting the anterior pituitary gland, leading to excessive secretion of growth hormone. What condition is MOST likely to develop if this condition remains untreated?
According to the information, what is the main function of the pineal gland in humans?
According to the information, what is the main function of the pineal gland in humans?
How would damage to the parathyroid glands MOST directly affect the body?
How would damage to the parathyroid glands MOST directly affect the body?
A patient is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism accompanied by symptoms like weight loss, rapid heart rate and anxiety. This condition may be related to
A patient is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism accompanied by symptoms like weight loss, rapid heart rate and anxiety. This condition may be related to
How does calcitonin, produced by the thyroid gland, affect blood calcium levels?
How does calcitonin, produced by the thyroid gland, affect blood calcium levels?
Consuming a high-carbohydrate meal triggers the release of insulin. What effect does insulin have on blood glucose levels?
Consuming a high-carbohydrate meal triggers the release of insulin. What effect does insulin have on blood glucose levels?
What is the primary difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus?
What is the primary difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Uncontrolled hyperglycemia can lead to cardiovascular disease, nerve damage, and kidney problems, among other issues. Which mechanism directly contributes to these long-term complications?
Uncontrolled hyperglycemia can lead to cardiovascular disease, nerve damage, and kidney problems, among other issues. Which mechanism directly contributes to these long-term complications?
Both aldosterone and glucocorticoids are produced in the adrenal cortex. How do their primary functions differ?
Both aldosterone and glucocorticoids are produced in the adrenal cortex. How do their primary functions differ?
What effect do epinephrine and norepinephrine, released from the adrenal medulla, have on the body?
What effect do epinephrine and norepinephrine, released from the adrenal medulla, have on the body?
Considering the functions of the ovaries and testes, what distinguishes their endocrine roles from their roles in reproduction?
Considering the functions of the ovaries and testes, what distinguishes their endocrine roles from their roles in reproduction?
What is an 'anabolic' effect associated with synthetic hormones?
What is an 'anabolic' effect associated with synthetic hormones?
What potential effect does renin release by the kidneys have on someone's blood pressure?
What potential effect does renin release by the kidneys have on someone's blood pressure?
Which of the following is NOT a typical function of the endocrine system?
Which of the following is NOT a typical function of the endocrine system?
A drug is developed that mimics the action of a naturally produced hormone. This drug would most likely bind to:
A drug is developed that mimics the action of a naturally produced hormone. This drug would most likely bind to:
Which amino acids are directly involved in Thyroid production.
Which amino acids are directly involved in Thyroid production.
Which amino acids are positively charged?
Which amino acids are positively charged?
If someone's tyrosine was deficient, but they were still synthesizing thyroid hormones, what would be the next thing they would likely be deficient in to disrupt this balance?
If someone's tyrosine was deficient, but they were still synthesizing thyroid hormones, what would be the next thing they would likely be deficient in to disrupt this balance?
Which of the following amino acids can lead to either hyper or hypothyroidism when unbalanced?
Which of the following amino acids can lead to either hyper or hypothyroidism when unbalanced?
Which of the following amino acids are capable of having disulfide bonds?
Which of the following amino acids are capable of having disulfide bonds?
Flashcards
What is the endocrine system?
What is the endocrine system?
Collection of ductless glands that produce hormones.
What are hormones?
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers carried from endocrine gland to target.
Functions of the endocrine system?
Functions of the endocrine system?
Growth, Metabolism, Reproduction, Excretion, Stress management, Sleep cycles and mood
How do hormones work?
How do hormones work?
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What does the Hypothalamus do?
What does the Hypothalamus do?
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What does the Posterior Pituitary do?
What does the Posterior Pituitary do?
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What does the Anterior Pituitary do?
What does the Anterior Pituitary do?
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What does the Pineal Gland do?
What does the Pineal Gland do?
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What does the Thyroid Gland do?
What does the Thyroid Gland do?
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What does the Parathyroid gland do?
What does the Parathyroid gland do?
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What does the pancreas do?
What does the pancreas do?
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Adrenal cortex function?
Adrenal cortex function?
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Adrenal medulla function?
Adrenal medulla function?
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Gonads function
Gonads function
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Study Notes
- The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands that produce hormones.
Endocrine vs Exocrine
- Exocrine glands include sweat(sudoriferous), mammary, salivary, lacrimal, sebaceous, mucous, ceruminous, pancreas, and liver glands.
Functions of the Endocrine System
- Influences growth, metabolism (anabolism and catabolism), reproduction, excretion, stress management, sleep cycles, and mood.
- Impacts virtually every cell, tissue and organ to maintain homeostasis.
Hormones
- Hormones are chemical messengers carried from the endocrine gland to the target.
Types of Hormones
- Lipid hormones are derived from cholesterol (e.g., estrogen and testosterone).
- Amino-acid derived hormones include epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine, and melatonin.
- Peptide hormones which are polypeptide chains (e.g., insulin, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone).
How Hormones Work
- Hormones trigger changes in target cells by binding to hormone receptors.
- Hormones only affect cells with necessary receptors inside or on the surface of cells.
- The number of hormone receptors can increase (up-regulation), such as oxytocin receptors on the uterus during pregnancy.
- The number of receptors can decrease (down-regulation), such as cell sensitivity to insulin.
Major Endocrine Glands
- Major endocrine glands include the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, thyroid gland, thymus, kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis, and ovaries.
Hypothalamus
- The hypothalamus coordinates the autonomic nervous system and the pituitary gland.
- Influences body temperature, blood pressure and heart rate, thirst, appetite and weight control, production of digestive juices, sleep patterns, and emotional activity.
Pituitary Gland
- The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland".
- Consists of the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary.
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland
- Antidiuretic hormone reduces the amount of water lost in urine.
- Oxytocin induces uterine contractions and ejection of milk from mammary glands.
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids.
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones.
- Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates egg maturation and secretion of estrogen in females and sperm formation in males.
- Luteinizing hormone stimulates ovulation(egg release) and secretion of progesterone in females. It stimulates testosterone secretion in males.
- Prolactin stimulates the development of mammary gland cells and milk production.
- Growth hormone stimulates growth in young individuals and plays multiple roles in cell division, protein synthesis, and metabolism.
Pineal Gland
- The pineal gland, known as the "third eye", produces melatonin, which regulates sleep.
- In other animals, it modulates photoperiodic functions in seasonal cycles, like egg-laying and bird migration.
Thyroid Gland
- The thyroid gland productions include thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin, which reduces calcium concentration in body fluids.
- It increases metabolic activity, BMR, the rate of food utilization, and accelerates growth rate in youth.
- Hyperthyroidism can cause weightloss and rapid heart beat, like Grave's disease
- Hypothyroidism can cause weight gain and fatigue, like cretinism
- Goiter is what occurs when the thyroid inflames.
Parathyroid Gland
- The parathyroid gland produces parathyroid hormone (PTH).
- PTH raises blood calcium levels.
- Acts in opposition to calcitonin produced by C-cells of the thyroid.
- Parathyroid disorders can lead to conditions such as brittle bones or kidney stones.
Pancreas
- The pancreas has an exocrine function for digestive enzymes and an endocrine function with islets of Langerhans.
- Alpha cells produce glucagon, while beta cells produce insulin.
- Glucagon and insulin regulate blood glucose levels together.
Hyperglycemia
- Hyperglycemia occurs when there is high blood sugar
- Hypoglycemia occurs hen there is low blood sugar
- Diabetes mellitus includes type 1 (autoimmune), type 2, and gestational diabetes.
Long Term Effects of Hyperglycemia
- The long term effects of hyperglycemia can result in cardiovascular disease, nerve damage(neuropathy), kidney damage(diabetic nephropathy), or kidney failure.
- Damage to the retinal blood vessels(diabetic nephropathy) can occur.
- Feet issues caused by nerve damage can lead to infections and amputation.
- Other long term effects include bone and joint problems, infections, and gum issues.
Adrenal Gland
- The adrenal cortex produces aldosterone which maintains electrolyte balance by enhancing sodium ion reabsorption and enhancing potassium ion secretion.
- Glucocorticoids stimulate glucose synthesis, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid release and inhibit glucose uptake.
- The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Gonads
- Testes produce testerone
- Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.
Synthetic Hormones
- Anabolic steriods help cause muscle mass
- Performance enhancing drugs include growth hormones and Erythropoietin
- 'Roid rage' can include aggressive behaviours and long term use of anabolic steorids
- Anabolic steroid abuse or overuse can result in enlarged heart, tumors, and organ failure.
Kidneys
- Kidneys are non-endocrine glands that produce renin (not a hormone) which is secreted in response to low blood pressure.
- It is part of the renin-angiotensin I and II system which causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels and the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.
- Erythropoetin (hormone) is also a hormone, that the kidneys create.
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