Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which alkaloid is known for its local anaesthetic properties?
Which alkaloid is known for its local anaesthetic properties?
Which of these alkaloids is mainly found in the Boraginaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae plant families?
Which of these alkaloids is mainly found in the Boraginaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae plant families?
What alkaloid is widely used in beverages for its CNS stimulant and diuretic properties?
What alkaloid is widely used in beverages for its CNS stimulant and diuretic properties?
Which alkaloid is known for its hepatotoxic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic activities, posing a serious health threat to humans?
Which alkaloid is known for its hepatotoxic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic activities, posing a serious health threat to humans?
Signup and view all the answers
Which alkaloid is associated with tribal religious ceremonies due to its presence in Peyote?
Which alkaloid is associated with tribal religious ceremonies due to its presence in Peyote?
Signup and view all the answers
Ephedrine, a CNS stimulant, is a characteristic alkaloid of which plant?
Ephedrine, a CNS stimulant, is a characteristic alkaloid of which plant?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following alkaloids is derived mostly from lysine?
Which of the following alkaloids is derived mostly from lysine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following alkaloids is found in black pepper?
Which of the following alkaloids is found in black pepper?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following alkaloids is associated with Nicotiana tabacum?
Which of the following alkaloids is associated with Nicotiana tabacum?
Signup and view all the answers
Which alkaloid is socially abused and known as PCP?
Which alkaloid is socially abused and known as PCP?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following alkaloids is derived from the opium poppy plant?
Which of the following alkaloids is derived from the opium poppy plant?
Signup and view all the answers
Which alkaloid is obtained from the coca plant?
Which alkaloid is obtained from the coca plant?
Signup and view all the answers
Which alkaloid is used as a muscle relaxant and anaesthetic?
Which alkaloid is used as a muscle relaxant and anaesthetic?
Signup and view all the answers
Which alkaloid can induce vomiting and is commonly used in cases of drug overdose or poisoning?
Which alkaloid can induce vomiting and is commonly used in cases of drug overdose or poisoning?
Signup and view all the answers
Which alkaloid is structurally similar to endorphins?
Which alkaloid is structurally similar to endorphins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which alkaloid is found in tomato and potato plants and includes atropine?
Which alkaloid is found in tomato and potato plants and includes atropine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which alkaloid is known for its antimalarial properties?
Which alkaloid is known for its antimalarial properties?
Signup and view all the answers
Which alkaloid is primarily associated with cardiac arrhythmias?
Which alkaloid is primarily associated with cardiac arrhythmias?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Alkaloids
- Scopolamine is a datura alkaloid, used to treat travel sickness and causes pupil dilation.
- Coca alkaloids are found in Erythroxylum coca, and cocaine is a local anesthetic.
Xanthine Alkaloids
- Found in beverages, such as:
- Caffeine in coffee (Coffea sp.)
- Theophylline in tea (Camellia sinensis)
- Theobromine in cocoa (Theobroma cacao)
- They are CNS stimulants and diuretics, used to treat fatigue and drowsiness.
Pyrrolidizine Alkaloids
- These alkaloids are toxic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic, and pose a health risk to humans.
- They can contaminate food, including grain, milk, honey, and eggs, as well as plant-derived pharmaceuticals and supplements.
- Examples include those found in Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) and some Chinese medicinal herbs.
Phenylalkylamine Alkaloids
- Ephedrine is a CNS stimulant, and pseudoephedrine is a bronchodilator, found in Ephedra sinica (herbal ephedra).
- Mescaline is a psychedelic found in Lophophora sp., used in tribal religious ceremonies.
Piperidine Alkaloids
- Derived mostly from the amino acid lysine.
- Very toxic to adult livestock, can cause congenital defects in embryonic livestock, and can lead to cardiorespiratory failure in humans.
- Examples include:
- Piperine in black pepper
- Nicotine in Nicotiana tabacum
- Lobeline in Indian tobacco
- Selenopsin in fire ant venom
- Coniine in poison hemlock (Conium maculatum)
- Phencyclidine, a socially abused drug
Glycosides
- Molecules containing a glycone (carbohydrate residue) and a aglycone (non-carbohydrate) residue.
- Classification:
- By glycone: glucoside, fructoside, glucuronide, etc.
- By type of glycosidic bond: α-glycosides or β-glycosides
- By aglycone: depending on the chemical nature of the aglycone (R-group)
- Examples include:
- Salicin, found in the genus Salix, converted into salicylic acid in the body.
Quinoline Alkaloids
- Found in Peruvian Jesuit bark.
- Quinine: an antimalarial that binds to haem, forming a toxic conjugate to Plasmodium parasite.
- Quinidine: used to treat cardiac arrhythmias.
Isoquinoline Alkaloids
- Second most abundant and diverse of the alkaloids.
- Structural isomers of quinoline alkaloids.
- Many are medically important, including:
- Muscle relaxants/anaesthetics: curare, morphine, codeine, papaverine
- Antispasmodic: papaverine
- Poison: tubocurarine
- Emetic: Ipecac (Caephaelis sp.), induces vomiting in cases of drug overdose or poisoning
- Antimicrobial/antifungal: sanguinarine
Tropane Alkaloids
- Derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
- Possess the tropane nucleus, with a methylated nitrogen and an ester formed with an aromatic acid.
- 2 main types:
- Solanaceous alkaloids (tomato and potato).
- Atropine (hyoscyamine & hyoscine) found in Atropa sp.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on the classification of alkaloids found in various plants such as scopolamine, coca alkaloids, xanthine alkaloids, and pyrrolidizine alkaloids. Learn about their effects and medical uses.
