Alkali Metals: Group 1A Chemistry

Group 1A - Alkali Metals

• Members include hydrogen (H), lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), francium (Fr), and ammonium (NH4)

Chemical Properties

• Univalent with a +1 oxidation state
• Large atoms with high reactivity (increases with atomic number) and alkalinity
• High degree of solubility
• Hydroxides are strongly basic (alkaline), excluding Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH)
• Never found freely in nature
• Metal oxides are basic, while nonmetal oxides are acidic
• Alkali metal salts are water-soluble, except for lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), and lithium phosphate (Li3PO4)

Hydrogen (H)

• Combustible, and called "inflammable air" or "flammable air"
• Discovered by Cavendish and is the lightest element
• Lacks therapeutic use

Hydrogen Production and Uses

• The Messerschmitt process yields 99% purity hydrogen
• Used in the Haber process for ammonia production and hydrogenation of oils to produce margarine
• Also utilized inflate balloons when non-therapeutic

Water and its Properties

• Hydrogen has three isotopes: Protium (1 proton, 0 neutrons), Deuterium (1 proton, 1 neutron), and Tritium (1 proton, 2 neutrons)
• Water (H2O) is a vital hydrogen compound and the most abundant element in the universe
• It is a universal solvent, omnipresent, acting as a ligand, acid/base (amphoteric), and oxidizing/reducing agent
• Water's max density of 1g/mL occurs at 4°C, chemically stable at room temp: 25°C with a density of 0.994

Types of Water

Water of Crystallization

• Water associated when crystals precipitate from aqueous solution forming hydrated crystals
• For example, Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) is white/gray

Water of Hydration

• Water associated with cations and/or anions of a salt or crystals

Zeolitic Water

• Physically held water, such as in hydrous silicates

Lattice Water

• Water coordinated in cationic complexes or held in definite lattice structures

Water Types

• Natural or Mineral Waters contain dissolved materials indigenous to the region, including suspended particles, dissolved atmospheric gases, and metabolic decomposition products

Alkaline Water

• Contains sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

Carbonated Water

• Charged with carbon dioxide (CO2) under pressure

Chalybeate Water

• Contains iron (Fe) in solution or suspension, characterized by a ferrigenous taste

Lithia Water

• Contains lithium (Li) in carbonate or chloride form

Saline Water

• Also called "purgative waters"
• Contains large amounts of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), and sodium chloride (NaCl), acting as a laxative or cathartic

Sulfur Water

• Comprises hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and deposits sulfur (S or SO4) with air exposure

Siliceous Water

• Contains small amounts of soluble alkali silicates

Water Hardness

Temporary Hardness

• Contains mainly dissolved calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) bicarbonates, like Ca(HCO3)2 and Mg(HCO3)2
• Removed via ion-exchange resins converted to carbonates

Permanent Hardness

• Contains mainly dissolved calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) sulfate & chloride, such as CaSO4, MgSO4, CaCl2, and MgCl2
• Removed via ion-exchange resins

Official USP Waters

Purified Water

• Obtained through Filtration, Reverse Osmosis, lon exchange, and Distillation (FRIED)

Water for Injection

• Clear, colorless, odorless liquid purified by distillation or reverse osmosis without additives
• Used as a solvent in large-scale manufacturing of parenteral products

Sterile Water for Injection

• Clear, colorless, odorless liquid, sterilized, and contains no antimicrobial agents or substances
• Used for extemporaneous compounding of parenteral products

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection

• Contains one or more suitable antimicrobial agents (e.g., benzyl alcohol)
• Sterile vehicle for parenteral preparation, not for IV
• After metabolization to excretable form in the liver Benzyl alcohol can lead to gasping syndrome in neonates

Sterile Water for Irrigation

• Clear, colorless, odorless liquid with no antimicrobial agent
• Used as an irrigating solution, labeled "FOR IRRIGATION ONLY and NOT FOR INJECTION"

Sterile Water for Inhalation (Water Vapor)

• Best expectorant

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

• Also known as Agua oxigenada, agua oxenada; oxygenated (oxygenized) water/acids
• Common antiseptic and treatment for Vincent's stomatitis (severe gingivitis) as a mouthwash
• Antiseptic action when directly applied to living tissues
• Cosmetic Use for lightening hair
• Commercial Availability: 10-volume solution (3%), 20-volume solution (6%), 100-volume solution (30%)
• Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution, USP has 10-volume solution 3% and Stabilizer: Acetanilide

Lithium (Li)

• Synonym: "earth"; from "lithos" meaning "stone"
• Lightest of all metals with lowest density, stored under oil/coated with petrolatum due to reactivity
• Only alkali metal that melts above water's boiling point and is a bridge element (resembles Mg)
• Demonstrating a diagonal relationship among elements in Period 2 & 3

Pharmacologic Action of Lithium

• Depressant used for mania/bipolar, acts as a diuretic reducing sodium and can cause Ebstein's anomaly (teratogenic effect)

Non-Pharmacologic Action

• Heat exchanger in air conditioners

Lithium Compounds

Lithium Carbonate (LiCO3)

• Used widely as prophylaxis & in treating bipolar disorders (mania therapy)
• It comes in forms of capsules (Eskalith®), tablets (Lithane®), or extended-release tablets (Quilonium®)

Lithium Bromide (LiBr)

• Treats mania and acts as a desiccant for aircon systems

Lithium Oxide (Li2O)

• A flux in ceramic glazes

Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LiAlH4)

• A powerful reducing agent

Lithium Chloride (LiCl)

• Used in manufacture of mineral water, especially lithia water

Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH)

• Absorbs carbon dioxide, especially in spacesuits

Sodium (Na)

• Also known as "Natrium" (Latin), major extracellular fluid cation
• It's the cation of choice for optimizing pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments
• Promotes water retention thus should be used cautiously with heart & kidney conditions

Triple Acetates of Sodium

• Cations include: Cobalt (Co), Zinc (Zn), or Magnesium (Mg) forming insoluble salts, like Zinc Uranyl Acetate, or Cobalt Uranyl Acetate (most stable)

Important Compounds of Sodium

Sodium Acetate (CH3COONa)

• It's a diuretic, urinary & systemic alkalizer, and antacid effective for metabolic acidosis & hyponatremia

Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

• Also known as baking soda; the 2nd major extracellular anion (HCO3-)
• It's a urinary & systemic alkalizer, antacid, significant physiologic buffer, and antidote for Zn poisoning and carbonating agent for effervescent preparations
• Used with citric acid or tartaric acid as an effective antidote for zinc poisoning
• Side Effects: Rebound Hyperacidity, Metabolic alkalosis, Edema

Sodium Bromide (NaBr)

• Treats bipolar disorders & mania

Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate (NaH2PO4)

• Source of hypophosphatemia, treats hypercalcemia, and a urinary acidifier helping activation of Methenamine
• Prodrug: Methenamine to formaldehyde effective as Antiseptic against UTI but is only active an acidic environment

Dibasic Sodium Phosphate (Na2HPO4)

• Also known as "fleet enema" phosphate of soda; sodium phosphate, most palatable saline laxative
• Dibasic phosphate ion, major anion in intracellular fluid

Mono and Dibasic

• Effective in treating Hyperkalcemia inversely proportional to Sodium and phosphate

Phosphosoda

• Orally OTC saline laxative “Fleet Phosphosoda" contains monobasic sodium phosphate & dibasic sodium phosphate

Tribasic Sodium Phosphate (Na3PO4)

• Aqueous solution, highly alkaline, used to clean glass apparatus

Cellulose Sodium Phosphate

• Cation-exchange resin preferentially binds Calcium (Ca) and divalent ions, treating hypercalcemia

Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)

• Anhydrous form (soda ash), dihydrated form (trona), or decahydrated form (sal soda), used as antacid, carbonating agent, or saponifying agent

Sodium Borate (Na2B4O7.10H2O)

• Also known as borax, used as alkalinizing agent, eyewash, buffer, water softener, astringent, and antiseptic (Dobell’s solution)

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

• Also known as table, sea, solar, brine, or rock salt
• Chloride is the major extracellular anion
• Electrolyte replenisher, preservative, condiment and component of Ringer’s & Lactated Ringer's Solutions
  • Ringer's Solution comprises Sodium Chorlide (NaCl), Potassium Cloride (KCI), and Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)
  • Lactated Ringer's Solution comprises Sodium Lactate, Potassium Cloride (KCI), and Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)
  • Color differentiation include, PNSS (0.9%) is green and D5 LRS is pink for IVF

D5

D5 WATER

• red

D5 NM

• orange

PLRS

• Dark blue

D5 0.3% NaCl

• Light blue

D5 NSS

• yellow

D5 NR

• Yellow green

D5 IMB

• violet

Sodium Citrate (Na3C6H5O7)

• An in vitro anticoagulant and in vivo diuretic, systemic & urinary alkalizer, expectorant and laxative (treating chronic acidosis) commonly causing bleeding

Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4)

• Also known as "Glauber's salt" with cathartic action used as a drying agent
  • Note: Sulfate (SO4-2) Cathartic/Laxative while MgSO4 - "epsom salt"

Sodium Fluoride (NaF)

• Used to apply topical 2% anticariogenic (prevent dental caries) for desensitizing teeth
  • Chronic Ingestion mottle enamel (dental fluorosis) but it corrosive and toxic making causing painful slow burns

Sodium Gluconate (NaC6H11O7)

• Electrolyte replenisher, less irritating than chloride

Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2)

• Antidote for cyanide poisoning utilizing the [NaNO2+ AmylNitrite]+ Na2S2O3 Cyanide Antidote Kit
• A Vasodilator Amylnitrite, ISDN acting to enable excretion through sodium thiosulfate

Note

• NO - Vasodilator

Soda Lime (CaO + NaOH)

• Also known as calyx sodica
• Carbon dioxide absorber O2 therapy to manage metabolic testing

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

• Also known as caustic soda, lye or liquid sosa liquid
• it's to sapionify to make suppository glycerins
• note:
  • Sodium Hydroxide can form a hard soap and potassium hydroxide a softer one
  • Glycerin can be use laxatively for constipation
  • absorb and liquefy =deliquescent property
  • absorb without liquefying = hygroscopic
  • releases off water = efflorscent

Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3)

• Can be utilize to preserve if relate to Nitrosamines
• potassium nitrate act like salt

Sodium Hypochlorite (NaCIO)

• Also known as Chlorox® for cleaning and oxidizing
• Note: Dakin's solution has been used at 0.45 to 0.5% but Diluted, lower concentration of solute
• • solution = antiseptic

Sodium Iodide (Nal)

• expectoreaction and aids to make iodine water soluable with chloride commonize

Monoflourophosphate

• Anticarioefect to theet for the mouth

Nitroprusside sodium +nitric compound

• agent can lower bp fast if relaease nitrate toxicity comes out as

Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)

• Other uses: photography , redicuing agent for cyanid

Cations that can precipitate with triple acete

• Zinc magnesium and cobalt

Sodium Citrate

• can act to help to anticlott or act as a buufer

Perborate or Oarate

• help to be a mind allikide or deodorant releasin

Monsodinate glutamate

• MSG complex has common effect includin headache flushin or sweating

Potassium

Cations

• Potessium has high ammounts with balance from acids can be a diuretic, synthesis protien, tranmitt insule, an ctivation
• Note

Sotassium

• Polysuflate and sulfide are to fight bacteria

Salt for aceded liver

• treat parisicise

Other salts

• potassium acedtate and citrates have and duresis

Sodium

• Citrrate in citris aid

Mono and Dibastic

• Treats with phosphate to relese calcium

Tri basic

• help to see it to clean glass

Carbonate

• to take exchange with calicu, use

Hydroxide

• to use carbone dioxixd

Chloride

Electrolyte

Flouride

Hypochlorite

Nitrate

Ammonia

Carbonate

Alkalizinf

Sulfides

Zinc manga antimony

• all other aexcept black

Alum + potas allumin

• has effect like astringent

Subeacetate + sulftal

• can realse moisture and abosrb

Hydroxudesss

• is an ampho

Realeages

• tri ammonium are red