Memory II

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Questions and Answers

Which type of long-term memory is consciously recalled and can be verbally expressed?

  • Explicit memory (correct)
  • Implicit memory
  • Priming
  • Procedural memory

Which of the following best describes semantic memory?

  • Influence of prior exposure on later stimulus responses
  • Memory of personally experienced events
  • Memory of general knowledge (correct)
  • Memory for the performance of skills

Episodic memory is primarily concerned with:

  • Motor skills and habits
  • Personally experienced events (correct)
  • Unconscious influences on behavior
  • General knowledge and facts

Which characteristic is most indicative of implicit memory?

<p>Expression through behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Procedural memory is particularly essential for:

<p>Performing motor skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Priming primarily affects responses by:

<p>Activating prior stimulus exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which exemplifies a classically conditioned association?

<p>fear response to a specific stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of short-term memory in the Atkinson & Shiffrin model?

<p>Brief duration and limited capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Atkinson & Shiffrin model, what is the estimated capacity of short-term memory?

<p>Approximately 7 plus or minus 2 items (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of long-term memory according to the Atkinson & Shiffrin model?

<p>Relatively permanent memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Atkinson & Shiffrin model, what is the capacity of long-term memory?

<p>Unlimited storage capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Atkinson & Shiffrin model, what is the primary function of sensory memory?

<p>Briefly holding sensory information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of sensory memory?

<p>Less than a few seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sensory memory is specific to visual information?

<p>Iconic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sensory memory is associated with auditory information?

<p>Echoic memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Sperling's (1960) experiment primarily demonstrate about sensory memory?

<p>The rapid decay of iconic memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Sperling’s experiment, what was the main challenge participants faced when asked to recall all the letters presented?

<p>Information faded very quickly from memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which long-term memory system uses prior exposure to influence behavior?

<p>Priming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best illustrates the function of episodic memory?

<p>recalling details of a vacation to Hawaii (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate representation of echoic memory?

<p>The ability to maintain a tune in your mind after hearing it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive process is most closely associated with priming?

<p>Implicit activation of associated concepts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do episodic and semantic memory systems work together to facilitate autobiographical memory?

<p>Episodic memory supplies personal details, semantic memory provides general knowledge of the events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does working memory interact with both sensory and long-term memory to enable complex cognitive tasks?

<p>It manipulates information from sensory memory using knowledge from long-term memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes classical conditioning from priming mechanisms in terms of cognitive processing?

<p>Classical conditioning involves predictive relationships, while priming involves prior exposure effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the relationship between implicit and explicit memory?

<p>Implicit memory is retrieved automatically, whereas explicit memory requires deliberate recall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would the principles of priming likely influence consumer behavior related to brand recognition?

<p>Priming increases brand recognition after repeated exposure leading to greater preference. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the three-stage model of memory processing account for the experience of suddenly remembering a forgotten detail?

<p>Reactivation cues prompt retrieval from long-term memory into short-term memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does maintenance rehearsal in short-term memory directly affect long-term memory encoding?

<p>Promotes a shallow level of processing, undermining long-term retention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the duration of iconic memory influence our ability to perceive motion continuously?

<p>Iconic memory ensures continuous perception by integrating separate snapshots, creating fluid movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do everyday examples of episodic memory interact with priming influences on decision-making?

<p>Prior events inform us how to think when we evaluate different choices we see. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might variations in working memory capacity influence the strength of classically conditioned emotional responses?

<p>Higher working memory enhances consolidation of paired associations, strengthening conditioned responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways does our capacity for semantic knowledge influence the precision and reliability of eyewitness testimony?

<p>Overconfidence in common knowledge introduces inconsistencies in accounts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the ability to consciously control encoding into long-term memory influence vulnerability to false memories?

<p>Greater control enhances selective encoding which enables one to block misinformation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might procedural memory affect responses in high-pressure situations?

<p>Automates actions, increasing effective response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the separate contributions of explicit and implicit memory systems enhance our comprehension of social dynamics?

<p>Explicit memory enables thoughtful evaluation, while implicit memory leads to gut reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the interplay between episodic and semantic memory facilitate knowledge?

<p>Episodic creates personal schemas, transforming into semantic knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Atkinson & Shiffrin model, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the flow of information through the three stages of memory?

<p>Remembering the details about a face after they tell you the name. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the interaction between priming and procedural memory influence skill acquisition?

<p>Priming unconsciously facilitates the initial stages of learning a motor skill, which procedural memory consolidates into efficient action, bypassing the need for conscious recall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the principles of classical conditioning explain the development of taste aversions, and what role does memory play in maintaining these aversions?

<p>Classical conditioning forms an association between a taste and illness, creating an implicit memory that triggers aversion responses whenever the taste is encountered, regardless of subsequent experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways do both iconic and echoic memory contribute to overall sensory processing capacity?

<p>Iconic and echoic memories briefly sustain visual and auditory sensations, allowing for integrative processing that enriches perceptual experience and facilitates subsequent cognitive processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does explicit memory contribute to the formation and recollection of declarative knowledge?

<p>Explicit memory allows for semantic and episodic information to be consciously accessed and articulated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might individual differences in working memory capacity influence the effectiveness of strategies designed to enhance long-term memory encoding?

<p>Individuals with higher working memory capacity benefit more from elaborative encoding strategies that require integrating new information with existing knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Explicit memory

Conscious recollection of material from long-term memory.

Semantic memory

Memory of general knowledge.

Episodic memory

Memory of personally experienced events.

Implicit memory

Not brought to mind consciously, but expressed in behavior.

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Procedural memory

Memory for the performance of skills.

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Priming

Prior exposure to a stimulus affects responses to a later stimulus.

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Short-term memory

Short-term memory holds information available to consciousness for about 20-30 seconds.

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Long-term memory

Relatively permanent memory.

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Sensory memory

System that holds sensory information for a very brief time after the stimulus disappears.

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Iconic memory

Visual sensory memory.

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Echoic memory

Auditory sensory memory.

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Classically conditioned associations

Classical conditioning involves unconsciously conditioned associations.

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Study Notes

  • Algorithmic trading, also known as "Algo Trading" or "Black-Box Trading," uses computer programs and algorithms to execute trades based on factors like timing, price, and quantity.

High-Frequency Trading (HFT)

  • A type of algorithmic trading with high speeds, turnover rates, and order-to-trade ratios, used by proprietary firms.

Trend Following Strategies

  • Simple strategies that capitalize on trends, such as using a 50-day Moving Average (MA) for buy/sell signals.

Arbitrage

  • Exploiting small price differences of the same asset on different exchanges, which algorithms can identify and capitalize on efficiently.

Mathematical Model-Based Strategies

  • Involve complex mathematical models and programming skills, like Pairs Trading, which identifies correlated stocks to short the overperforming one and long the underperforming one when the correlation breaks down.

Index Fund Rebalancing

  • Automating the periodic rebalancing of index fund portfolios and creating opportunities for algorithmic traders to profit from temporary price movements.

Sentiment Analysis

  • Gauging market sentiment from news articles and social media posts to make trading decisions: positive sentiment signals to buy and negative sentiment signals to sell.

Reduced Emotional Influence in Algorithmic Trading

  • Algorithms make decisions based on predefined rules, eliminating emotional biases.

Increased Speed and Efficiency in Algorithmic Trading

  • Algorithms execute trades faster than humans and can monitor multiple markets simultaneously.

Backtesting of Algorithmic Trading

  • Algorithms can be backtested using historical data to optimize strategies before deploying them in live markets.

Technical Issues in Algorithmic Trading

  • Algorithm failures can lead to unexpected losses, requiring continuous monitoring and maintenance.

Over-Optimization of Algorithmic Trading

  • Over-optimized algorithms may perform well on historical data but fail in live markets (curve fitting).

Market Impact of Algorithmic Trading

  • Large algorithmic trades can impact market prices, potentially leading to adverse results.

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