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Questions and Answers
Which of the following methods contributes to the structural characterization of alginate?
Which of the following methods contributes to the structural characterization of alginate?
- Gel Electrophoresis
- PCR Analysis
- Spectroscopy (correct)
- Western Blotting
Chemical assays for alginate primarily quantify the protein content in the samples.
Chemical assays for alginate primarily quantify the protein content in the samples.
False (B)
What type of acid is primarily linked in alginate's structure?
What type of acid is primarily linked in alginate's structure?
L-guluronic acid
Chemical assays are expected to quantify both sugar content and __________ contaminants co-extracted with seaweed alginates.
Chemical assays are expected to quantify both sugar content and __________ contaminants co-extracted with seaweed alginates.
Which structural analysis technique is NOT mentioned as being used for alginate characterization?
Which structural analysis technique is NOT mentioned as being used for alginate characterization?
Match the components associated with alginate to their descriptions:
Match the components associated with alginate to their descriptions:
What type of structural conformation is associated with the 4C ring in alginate?
What type of structural conformation is associated with the 4C ring in alginate?
Alginates are only composed of L-guluronic acids.
Alginates are only composed of L-guluronic acids.
What is the main method used to study the composition and structure of alginate?
What is the main method used to study the composition and structure of alginate?
Trifluoroacetic acid is used at a concentration of 2 M for acid hydrolysis of alginates.
Trifluoroacetic acid is used at a concentration of 2 M for acid hydrolysis of alginates.
List two species of brown algae studied from the Egyptian Red Sea coasts.
List two species of brown algae studied from the Egyptian Red Sea coasts.
High performance anion exchange chromatography with __________ detection is an analytical technique used for alginate analysis.
High performance anion exchange chromatography with __________ detection is an analytical technique used for alginate analysis.
Match the following components with their application:
Match the following components with their application:
Which of the following conditions is NOT part of the acid hydrolysis process for alginates?
Which of the following conditions is NOT part of the acid hydrolysis process for alginates?
HPAEC-PAD and GC/MS-EI are used interchangeably for determining the M/G ratios of alginates.
HPAEC-PAD and GC/MS-EI are used interchangeably for determining the M/G ratios of alginates.
What does M/G ratio refer to in the context of alginates?
What does M/G ratio refer to in the context of alginates?
What is the primary characteristic used to evaluate alginates?
What is the primary characteristic used to evaluate alginates?
Alginates have no influence on rheological properties.
Alginates have no influence on rheological properties.
What types of ions are primarily involved in the gel formation of alginates?
What types of ions are primarily involved in the gel formation of alginates?
The ______ ratio is an important characteristic of alginates that provides structural information.
The ______ ratio is an important characteristic of alginates that provides structural information.
Match the following macromolecular parameters with their descriptions:
Match the following macromolecular parameters with their descriptions:
What is one application of alginates in the medical field?
What is one application of alginates in the medical field?
Alginates can form gels only in the presence of divalent ions.
Alginates can form gels only in the presence of divalent ions.
Which two cations are specifically mentioned as affecting the properties of alginates?
Which two cations are specifically mentioned as affecting the properties of alginates?
Alginates are characterized by their poly-dispersity index, which is denoted as ______.
Alginates are characterized by their poly-dispersity index, which is denoted as ______.
Which of the following does NOT represent a frequency category of alginates?
Which of the following does NOT represent a frequency category of alginates?
The molecular mass (Mw) of alginates is unrelated to their rheological properties.
The molecular mass (Mw) of alginates is unrelated to their rheological properties.
What is the significance of the intrinsic viscosity ([η]) in relation to alginates?
What is the significance of the intrinsic viscosity ([η]) in relation to alginates?
Match the following cations with their effect on alginates:
Match the following cations with their effect on alginates:
Which property is characterized by the gelling of alginates in solution?
Which property is characterized by the gelling of alginates in solution?
Alginates have only a single molecular weight.
Alginates have only a single molecular weight.
What is the main method used for structural analysis of alginates?
What is the main method used for structural analysis of alginates?
Trifluoroacetic acid is used for acid hydrolysis of alginates at a concentration of 2 M.
Trifluoroacetic acid is used for acid hydrolysis of alginates at a concentration of 2 M.
Name two species of brown algae investigated from the Egyptian Red Sea coasts.
Name two species of brown algae investigated from the Egyptian Red Sea coasts.
High performance anion exchange chromatography with __________ detection is commonly used for the analysis of alginates.
High performance anion exchange chromatography with __________ detection is commonly used for the analysis of alginates.
Match the following techniques to their application:
Match the following techniques to their application:
Which acid is primarily involved in the acid hydrolysis process of alginates?
Which acid is primarily involved in the acid hydrolysis process of alginates?
Alginates only exist in single molecular weight forms.
Alginates only exist in single molecular weight forms.
What conditions are required during the acid hydrolysis process for alginates?
What conditions are required during the acid hydrolysis process for alginates?
Which type of acid is specifically linked in the structure of alginate?
Which type of acid is specifically linked in the structure of alginate?
Chemical assays used for alginate characterization do not focus on sugar content.
Chemical assays used for alginate characterization do not focus on sugar content.
What method is commonly used for more complex structural analysis of alginate?
What method is commonly used for more complex structural analysis of alginate?
Alginates can co-extract with __________ contaminants during the structural analysis.
Alginates can co-extract with __________ contaminants during the structural analysis.
Match the following properties of alginates with their descriptions:
Match the following properties of alginates with their descriptions:
Which of the following compounds is NOT mentioned as a co-extracted contaminant with alginates?
Which of the following compounds is NOT mentioned as a co-extracted contaminant with alginates?
Alginates have a significant influence on rheological properties.
Alginates have a significant influence on rheological properties.
Which specific type of cations are involved in the gel formation of alginates?
Which specific type of cations are involved in the gel formation of alginates?
What is the primary significance of the M/G ratio in alginates?
What is the primary significance of the M/G ratio in alginates?
Alginates are characterized solely by their molecular weight.
Alginates are characterized solely by their molecular weight.
What property of alginates is influenced by the presence of divalent ions?
What property of alginates is influenced by the presence of divalent ions?
The analytical technique used to determine M/G ratios is ______________.
The analytical technique used to determine M/G ratios is ______________.
Match the following molecular parameters with their descriptions:
Match the following molecular parameters with their descriptions:
Which of the following properties is NOT associated with alginates?
Which of the following properties is NOT associated with alginates?
Alginates can form gels only in the presence of monovalent ions.
Alginates can form gels only in the presence of monovalent ions.
What role do alginates play in food products?
What role do alginates play in food products?
Alginates have a critical concentration denoted as ______________.
Alginates have a critical concentration denoted as ______________.
Match the following ions with their effect on alginates:
Match the following ions with their effect on alginates:
How does intrinsic viscosity ([η]) relate to alginates?
How does intrinsic viscosity ([η]) relate to alginates?
The structural information provided by the triad frequencies in alginates is unrelated to their rheological properties.
The structural information provided by the triad frequencies in alginates is unrelated to their rheological properties.
What is a primary application of alginates in agriculture?
What is a primary application of alginates in agriculture?
Alginates are derived primarily from __________ algae.
Alginates are derived primarily from __________ algae.
Match the following characteristics of alginates with their definitions:
Match the following characteristics of alginates with their definitions:
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Study Notes
Alginate Characterization
- Alginates are characterized by molecular mass (Mw, Mn), polydispersity index (Mw/Mn), macromolecular parameters (intrinsic viscosity, critical concentration, gyration radius, hydrodynamic radius), M/G ratio (ratio of mannuronic acid to guluronic acid), and number of monads (G and M), diads (GG, MM, MG or GM), and triads (MMG, GGM, MGM) frequencies.
- Alginates have different structural features that influence their rheological properties, including gelling and thickening in solution.
- The presence of monovalent (K+, Na+) and divalent (Ca2+, Mg2+) salts can affect the rheological properties of alginate.
Methods for Analyzing Alginate
- High-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and electron ionization (GC/MS-EI) are frequently used for determining the M/G ratio of alginates.
- Alginate is hydrolyzed using formic acid (90% v/v) and trifluoroacetic acid (2 M, 90 min, 120 °C).
- 1H NMR spectroscopy is a primary method used for studying the composition and structure of alginate.
Alginate Structure and Composition
- The alginate structure comprises mannuronic acid (ManAp or M) and guluronic acid (GulAp or G) residues.
- Mannuronic acid has a 4C ring conformation and is α‐(1,4)‐linked.
- The structural characterization of alginate is crucial for understanding its properties and applications.
Analyses of Alginate
- Alginate analysis involves both elementary biochemical assays and more complex techniques like spectroscopy and chromatography.
- Biochemical assays quantify sugar content (total sugar, neutral sugar, and uronic acids) and non-sugar contaminants such as phenolic compounds, proteins, and sulfated groups.
Alginate Structure
- Alginate is a naturally occurring polysaccharide.
- Alginate is comprised of two monomeric units:
- β-D-mannuronic acid (M)
- α-L-guluronic acid (G)
- Alginate is characterized by its molecular mass, polydispersity index, macromolecular parameters, and M/G ratio.
Alginate Analysis Methods
- High performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and electron ionization (GC/MS-EI) are used to determine the M/G ratio of alginates.
- 1H NMR spectroscopy is a key analytical technique employed to investigate alginate's molecular composition and structural features. This method provides crucial insights into the spatial arrangement and configuration of the monomeric units, as well as the overall architecture and interconnected features of the polysaccharide. Understanding these elements is vital for deciphering alginate's functional properties and its potential applications in various fields..
- Alginate analysis includes elementary biochemical assays and complex analyses like spectroscopy and chromatography.
- Chemical assays quantify sugar content such as total sugar, neutral sugar, and uronic acids, as well as non-sugar contaminants.
- Phenolic compounds, proteins, and sulfated groups are common non-sugar contaminants co-extracted with seaweed alginates.
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