الغزوات والمعاهدات في عهد النبي محمد

• The text presents a structured overview of significant events in early Islamic history, specifically focusing on battles (ghazwat) and treaties/agreements (mu'ahadat) during the time of Prophet Muhammad.

Battles (Ghazwat)

• These are military expeditions in which Prophet Muhammad participated or ordered.

Ghazwa al-Abwa' (or Waddan)

• Motivated by intercepting a Quraysh caravan.
• Resulted in no fighting; a treaty was made with the Banu Damrah.

Ghazwa Bawat

• Aims to intercept a caravan led by Umayyah ibn Khalaf.
• The two sides did not meet, and the caravan escaped.

Ghazwa al-`Ushayra

• An attempt to intercept a Quraysh caravan
• No battle ensued, there was a temporary truce.

First Battle of Badr (Minor)

• Pursuit of the Quraysh after they stole Muslim money.
• No encounter took place.

Battle of Badr (Major)

• Quraysh wanted to protect their trade and deter the Muslims.
• A significant victory for the Muslims, resulting in 70 Quraysh being killed and 70 captured.

Ghazwa Bani Sulaym

• Based on the fear of Bani Sulaym moving against the Muslims.
• The enemy fled before confrontation.

Ghazwa al-Suwaiq

• Motivated by Abu Sufyan's revenge after Badr.
• Abu Sufyan failed in his objective, fled, and left behind al-Suwaiq (food).

Ghazwa Dhi Amr

• Disciplining the tribes of Tamim, who were mobilizing against Medina.
• They withdrew, and no fighting occurred.

Ghazwa Bahran

• Triggered by Quraysh movement towards Medina.
• No battle took place.

Battle of Uhud

• The Quraysh sought to avenge their defeat at Badr.
• A defeat for the Muslims when the archers disobeyed orders, leading to 70 martyrs.

Ghazwa Hamra' al-Asad

• Pursuing the Quraysh after the Battle of Uhud.
• Displayed the strength of the Muslims, causing the disbelievers to withdraw.

Ghazwa Bani al-Nadir

• Due to their conspiracy to kill the Prophet.
• They were expelled from Medina, and their properties were confiscated.

Second Battle of Badr (The Promised Battle)

• The battle was a rematch scheduled with the Quraysh after Uhud.
• The Quraysh did not come, and the Muslims showed their readiness.

Ghazwa Dumat al-Jandal

• Due to fears of hostile movements near Syria.
• There was no fighting; the army returned after securing the area.

Battle of the Trench (al-Ahzab)

• Coalition of tribes aimed to storm Medina.
• The siege failed due to the trench, resulting in a victory for the Muslims.

Ghazwa Bani Qurayza

• Because they betrayed the Muslims during the Battle of the Trench.
• The men were sentenced to death, and the judgment was executed.

Ghazwa Bani Lihyan

• To avenge the killing of preachers in al-Rajie.
• The Bani Lihyan withdrew, and no fighting occurred.

Ghazwa Dhi Qard

• An attack on Medina, and theft of the Prophet's camels.
• The Muslims retrieved the camels and killed the aggressors.

Ghazwa Bani al-Mustaliq (al-Muraysi')

• Fear of their alliance with the Quraysh.
• The Muslims won, capturing many of them.

Ghazwa al-Hudaybiyyah

• The intention was to visit Mecca for Umrah.
• The Quraysh prevented them, leading to the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.

Ghazwa Khaybar

• To eliminate the Jewish community that posed a threat to the Muslims.
• The fortresses were conquered, and the Muslims gained much booty.

The Conquest of Mecca

• The Quraysh violated the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.
• Mecca was conquered bloodlessly, and many people converted to Islam.

Ghazwa Hunayn

• Hawazin and Thaqif intended to attack the Muslims.
• The Muslims won after a difficult start.

Ghazwa al-Ta'if

• Pursuing the Hawazin after Hunayn.
• The people of Ta'if fortified themselves, and the city was not conquered.

Ghazwa Tabuk

• Due to reports of the Romans preparing to invade Medina.
• No battle ensued, and the strength of the Muslims was shown.

Ghazwa Wadi al-Qura

• Securing the road after Khaybar.
• The town was conquered by force or through peace.

Ghazwa Mu'tah

• The killing of the Messenger's envoy al-Harith by the Romans.
• The three leaders were martyred, and the Muslims withdrew safely.

Treaties (Mu'ahadat)

• Important agreements and documents that shaped the early Muslim community and its relationships with other groups.

The Constitution of Medina (Sahifat al-Madina)

• To regulate the relationship between Muslims, Jews, and polytheists in Medina.
• A system of coexistence was established, defining the rights and duties for all.

The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

• The Quraysh prevented the Muslims from entering Mecca.
• Resulted in a 10-year truce, opening the door for spreading Islam and its wide expansion.

The Treaty of Khaybar

• The Jews requested to stay after the conquest of the fortresses to work the land.
• The Prophet accepted, and they gave half of the produce.

The Treaty of Tabuk (with the Christians of Arabia)

• To avoid fighting with the Romans and extend influence.
• Payments were made, and the area remained under Islamic control.

First Pledge of al-Aqabah

• Mecca was under the oppression of the Quraysh to Prophet Muhammad.
• The pledge was with some supporters from Yathrib (Medina), who were ready to support and protect him.

Second Pledge of al-Aqabah

• The new pledge was after new success with the first pledge of al-Aqabah.
• Increased strength for the Muslims in Medina, leading to Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina.

Pledge of al-Ridwan

• Occurred when the Quraysh stopped the Muslims in Hudaybiyyah.
• The Companions gathered under the tree to pledge allegiance to Prophet Muhammad.

Pledge of the Caliph after the Death of the Prophet (PBUH)

• After the death of Prophet Muhammad.
• Abu Bakr al-Siddiq was chosen as the first caliph, by consensus.