Algebra Concepts and Operations

Definition: A branch of mathematics dealing with symbols and the rules for manipulating those symbols.
Key Concepts:
- Variables: Symbols (like x, y) that represent unknown values.
- Expressions: Combinations of variables and constants (e.g., 3x + 5).
- Equations: Statements that two expressions are equal (e.g., 2x + 3 = 11).
- Inequalities: Mathematical statements that relate expressions using <, >, ≤, or ≥.
Operations:
- Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division of algebraic expressions.
- Factoring: Breaking down expressions into products (e.g., x² - 9 = (x - 3)(x + 3)).
- Solving equations and inequalities: Finding value(s) of variables that satisfy them.
Functions:
- Definition: A relation where each input has exactly one output.
- Types: Linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic functions.
- Graphing: Visual representation of functions on a coordinate plane.

Definition: A branch of mathematics concerned with the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, and solids.
Key Concepts:
- Points, Lines, and Angles:
  - Point: A location in space.
  - Line: A straight path that extends infinitely in both directions.
  - Angle: Formed by two rays with a common endpoint.
- Shapes:
  - Two-dimensional: Circles, triangles, squares, rectangles.
  - Three-dimensional: Cubes, spheres, cylinders, cones.
Properties:
- Perimeter: The distance around a shape.
- Area: The amount of space inside a shape (e.g., Area of a rectangle = length × width).
- Volume: The amount of space inside a solid (e.g., Volume of a cube = side³).
Theorems:
- Pythagorean Theorem: In right triangles, a² + b² = c² (where c is the hypotenuse).
- Similarity and Congruence: Conditions under which figures are similar or congruent.
Coordinate Geometry:
- Uses algebraic principles to analyze geometric figures using a coordinate plane.
- Equations of lines: Slope-intercept form (y = mx + b).

Algebra is a mathematical discipline that manipulates symbols to represent numbers and relationships.
Variables (e.g., x, y) serve as placeholders for unknown values within equations and expressions.
Expressions are formed by combining variables and constants, such as 3x + 5.
Equations assert the equality of two expressions, for example, 2x + 3 = 11.
Inequalities compare expressions using symbols such as <, ≤, or ≥ to express relationships.
Core operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of algebraic expressions.
Factoring is the process of expressing an equation as a product of its factors, like x² - 9 = (x - 3)(x + 3).
Solutions to equations and inequalities involve finding specific values for the variables that make the statements true.
Functions are relations that assign exactly one output for each input, encompassing linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, and logarithmic types.
Graphing functions visually represents their behavior in a coordinate plane, providing insights into their properties.

Geometry is the study of shapes and their spatial properties, focusing on points, lines, surfaces, and solids.
Points represent specific locations in space, while lines are infinite straight paths extending in both directions.
Angles result from the intersection of two rays sharing a common starting point.
Two-dimensional shapes include circles, triangles, squares, and rectangles; three-dimensional shapes include cubes, spheres, cylinders, and cones.
Perimeter measures the total distance around a two-dimensional shape.
Area quantifies the space enclosed within a shape, e.g., the area of a rectangle is calculated using length × width.
Volume assesses the space within a three-dimensional solid, with the volume of a cube determined by side³.
The Pythagorean Theorem relates the sides of right triangles with the formula a² + b² = c², where c is the hypotenuse.
Theorems of similarity and congruence establish criteria for determining whether figures are similar in shape or congruent in dimensions.
Coordinate geometry integrates algebra with geometry, using a coordinate plane to analyze geometrical shapes and derive equations for lines, typically in slope-intercept form y = mx + b.