Algal Pigments and Motility Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What term describes the process when two gametes are unlike and differ in size?

Autogamous

Heterotrophic

Homogamous

Heterogamous (correct)

Which division of algae includes Chlamydomonas and Volvox?

Chlorophyta (correct)

Euglenophyta

Phaeophyta

Rhodophyta

What is the largest size range for protozoa mentioned?

20-200 µm

500-1000 µm

2000 µm / 2 mm (correct)

1-4 µm

What is the function of the contractile vacuole in protozoa?

Osmoregulation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protozoa is considered the most primitive form of animal life?

Flagellates Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in protozoa is responsible for enzymatic digestion?

Food vacuole Signup and view all the answers

Which division of algae is associated with organisms like Nostoc and Anabaena?

Cyanophyta Signup and view all the answers

What type of locomotory organ is typically absent in parasitic protozoa?

Locomotory organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of phenolics as disinfectants?

Disrupting cell membranes and denaturing proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which alcohol concentration is commonly used for disinfecting instruments?

70 to 80% ethanol or isopropanol solution Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using phenolic disinfectants?

They cause skin irritation and have a disagreeable odor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metals is used as a germicide in hospital settings?

Silver Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use for quaternary ammonium compounds in disinfection?

As effective cationic disinfectants Signup and view all the answers

What role do halogens like iodine and chlorine play in disinfection?

They act as skin antiseptics by oxidizing cell constituents Signup and view all the answers

How do heavy metals, such as mercury and silver, function as germicides?

By binding to and inactivating proteins Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates alcohols from other disinfectants?

They also work on lipid-containing viruses Signup and view all the answers

What are carotenoids primarily characterized as?

Linear, unsaturated hydrocarbons Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motility do swimming algae exhibit?

Flagellar movement Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproduction involves the conjugation of gametes?

Sexual reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What are the motile spores produced in asexual reproduction called?

Zoospores Signup and view all the answers

Which algal pigment is characterized as being water-soluble?

Phycobilins Signup and view all the answers

Which arrangement of flagella is NOT a type mentioned for motile algae?

Ring-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction?

Zygote Signup and view all the answers

Which type of asexual reproduction involves the formation of unicellular spores?

Sporulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which antiviral drugs like acyclovir act?

Altering the cell's genetic material to inhibit viral multiplication. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about acyclovir is true?

Acyclovir is ineffective against latent viruses. Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes a challenge associated with antiviral therapy?

Rapid mutation of viruses can lead to drug ineffectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common property of antiviral drugs?

They share virustatic properties and are active against replicating viruses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents is primarily used for treating Herpes Simplex Virus infections?

Acyclovir Signup and view all the answers

What unique characteristic does Valacyclovir possess compared to Acyclovir?

It is a prodrug with better availability. Signup and view all the answers

Inhibiting which enzyme is a key mechanism of action for Acyclovir?

Herpes virus DNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about Ganciclovir?

It shares a mechanism similar to that of Acyclovir. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the key figures in the large-scale production of penicillin during World War II?

Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain Signup and view all the answers

What was the first important commercial product produced by aerobic submerged fermentation?

Penicillin Signup and view all the answers

What mold did Alexander Fleming observe that led to the discovery of penicillin?

Penicillium notatum Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacterial structure do beta-lactam antibiotics primarily target?

Cell wall synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is classified as a carbapenem?

Imipenem Signup and view all the answers

What substance is commonly used as a beta-lactamase inhibitor?

Clavulanic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which generation of cephalosporins is Cefepime classified under?

4th generation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for penicillin?

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant impact of the large-scale production of penicillin during World War II?

It saved numerous lives by treating infections. Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is NOT a beta-lactam antibiotic?

Vancomycin Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Algal Pigments

Chloroplasts in different algae with similar pigments have similar thylakoid arrangements.
Chloroplast ultrastructure and pigment chemistry are used to categorize algae.
There are five types of chlorophyll: a, b, c, d, and e.
Carotenoids can be carotenes or xanthophylls, with carotenes as the base hydrocarbon.
Biloproteins are water-soluble pigment, while chlorophylls and carotenoids are lipid-soluble.
Biloproteins are divided into phycocyanin and phycoerythrin.
The pigment ratio varies with environmental conditions.

Motility

Motile algae are called swimming algae with flagella in one, two, or multiple clusters.
There are three types of flagella: whiplash (smooth and cylindrical), tinsel (hair-like appendages), and ribbon (strap like).
Non-motile algae are transported by tides, waves, and currents.

Reproduction

Asexual reproduction occurs through vegetative cell division, creating new colonies.
Fragments of old multicellular algae can form new filaments.
Asexual reproduction also involves producing unicellular spores, primarily zoospores in aquatic algae.
Terrestrial algae generally develop aplanospores, and some can transform into zoospores.
Sexual reproduction happens through the fusion of gametes, called conjugation.
The union of gametes forms a zygote.
Isogamous reproduction occurs when the two gametes are identical and have no sex differentiation.
Heterogamous reproduction occurs when the gametes differ in size and are considered male and female.

Classification of Algae

Chlorophyta: Chlamydomonas, Volvox
Euglenophyta: Euglena
Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates): Dinophysis
Chrysophyta: Chromulina, Botrydium
Phaeophyta (Brown algae): Sargassum, Ectocarpus
Cyanophyta (Blue Green algae): Nostoc, Anabaena
Rhodophyta (Red algae): Gracillaria,

Economic Importance of Algae

Algae is an important food source, particularly in Asia.
Algal extracts are used in many products, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food.
Algae can be used to produce biofuels.
Some types of algae have specific uses, such as agar, used in microbiology and food.
Some species are used in medicine.

Protozoa

Protozoa are single-celled mostly microscopic organisms classified under the subkingdom Protozoa of kingdom Protista.
They are eukaryotic cells with a nucleus and other organelles.
Protozoan structures include endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, and nuclei.

Contractile Vacuoles

Contractile vacuoles are primarily found in free-living aquatic protozoa.
They are small, rounded vacuoles in the cytoplasm.
Contractile vacuoles have osmoregulatory function and maintain water balance.

Food Vacuoles

Food vacuoles are sites for food ingestion and digestion.
They contain enzymes for breaking down food particles.

Locomotion

Protozoa possess diverse locomotory organs.
Flagellates have flagella.
Ciliates have cilia.
Pseudopodia for locomotion are present in some species.
Parasitic forms lack locomotory organs.

Chemical Agents: Phenolics

Phenols and phenol derivatives (cresols, xylenols, orthophenylphenol) are used as disinfectants.
They denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes.
Advantages: tuberculocidal, effective with organic matter, long-lasting activity.
Disadvantages: disagreeable odor, skin irritation.

Chemical Agents: Alcohols

Widely used disinfectants and antiseptics.
Bactericidal and fungicidal, but not sporicidal.
Effective against some lipid-containing viruses.
Ethanol and isopropanol at a concentration of 70-80%.
Mode of action: denaturing proteins and dissolving membrane lipids.
Effective for disinfecting thermometers and small instruments.

Chemical Agents: Halogens

Halogens like iodine and chlorine are important antimicrobial agents.
Iodine is used as a skin antiseptic and kills by oxidizing cell constituents and iodinating cell proteins.
Higher concentrations can kill spores.
Iodine is in tincture of iodine (2% iodine in water-ethanol solution) and iodophors (release iodine slowly).
Applications: preoperative skin degerming, disinfection.

Chemical Agents: Heavy Metals

Metals like mercury, silver, arsenic, zinc, and copper are used as germicides.
1% silver nitrate is used in infants' eyes to prevent ophthalmic gonorrhea.
Silver sulfadiazine is used on burns.
Copper sulfate is an algicide.
Mode of action: combining with proteins, often with sulfhydryl groups, and inactivating them.
Heavy metals can also precipitate cell proteins.

Chemical Agents: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

These are cationic detergents that are effective disinfectants.

Production of Penicillin

Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by submerged fermentation.
It was the first antibiotic manufactured in bulk and is used in semi-synthetic antibiotics.
Batch culture is used for fermentation.

Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain

They revolutionized medicine with the large-scale production of penicillin in 1943.
This discovery saved countless lives during World War II.

Penicillin Notatum

This mold was observed by Alexander Fleming in 1928 to inhibit Staphylococcus bacteria growth.
He published his findings in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology.

Mechanism of Antibiotic Action

Antibiotics affect essential metabolic pathways to inhibit microbial growth.

Summary of Antimicrobial Agents Affecting Cell Wall Synthesis

Beta-lactam antibiotics
- Penicillins: amoxicillin, ampicillin, dicloxacillin, indanyl carbenicillin, methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, penicillin G, penicillin V, piperacillin, ticarcillin.
- Cephalosporins: cefadroxil, cefaclor, cefdinir, cefepime, cefazolin, cefprozil, cefixime, cephalexin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone.
- Carbapenems: ertapenem, imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem.
- Monobactams: aztreonam.
Other antibiotics: bacitracin, vancomycin, daptomycin.
Beta-lactamase inhibitors: clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam.

Peptidoglycan Synthesis

Penicillin-binding proteins are critical enzymes for peptidoglycan synthesis.
Beta-lactam antibiotics bind to these proteins and inhibit cell wall synthesis.

Antiviral Drugs

They work by:
- Altering the cell's genetic material to prevent virus multiplication (acyclovir).
- Preventing newly formed viruses from leaving the cell (amantadine).

Challenges of Antiviral Therapy

Rapid virus replication makes it difficult to develop effective antivirals.
Viruses mutate quickly, rendering drugs ineffective.
Targeting viruses without harming normal cells is challenging.

Antiviral Drugs: General Properties

Virustatic: effective only against replicating viruses and not latent viruses.

Agents for Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) & Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Infections

Oral agents: acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir.
Topical agents: acyclovir, docosanol, penciclovir.
Ophthalmic: trifluridine.
Intravenous: acyclovir.

Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV)

Cause repeated, blister-like lesions on skin, genitals, and mucosal surfaces.
Some remain latent and can be activated by physical or emotional stress.
HSV-type 1: non-genital.
HSV type 2: genital infections.

Acyclovir

Guanosine analog taken up by virus-infected cells with low host cell toxicity.
Mechanisms: incorporated into DNA to terminate synthesis, inhibition of herpes virus DNA polymerase.

Acyclovir: Clinical Uses

Herpes simplex.
Herpes zoster.
Chickenpox.
Epstain-Barr virus.

Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir

Mechanisms similar to acyclovir.
Active against all herpes viruses and CMV.
Low oral bioavailability, given intravenously.

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Description

Test your knowledge on algal pigments, motility, and reproduction. This quiz covers the characteristics of chlorophylls, the types of flagella in motile algae, and the processes of asexual reproduction in algae. Dive into the fascinating world of algae and their unique features!