Aldehydes and Ketones Revision Notes
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Questions and Answers

What is the product of the Rosenmund reaction?

  • An alcohol
  • An aldehyde (correct)
  • A carboxylic acid
  • A ketone

    • Which reagent is used in the Wolff-Kishner reduction?

  • Sodium borohydride
  • Hydrazine and a strong base (correct)
  • Lithium aluminum hydride
  • Hydrogen gas and a palladium catalyst

    • What is the purpose of the Clemmensen reduction?

  • To convert a carboxylic acid into an aldehyde
  • To convert an alkene into an alkane
  • To convert an alcohol into an aldehyde
  • To convert a ketone or aldehyde into an alkane (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a product of the Stephen reaction?

    <p>A ketone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the Clemmensen reduction and the Wolff-Kishner reduction?

    <p>The type of reagent used (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is indicated by an Aldol condensation?

    <p>Aldol condensation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What product is formed from the cross Aldol condensation of ethanol and propanol?

    <p>Crossed aldol product (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a self-aldol condensation, which reactant is typically involved?

    <p>One aldehyde or ketone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main process occurring during a disproportionation reaction?

    <p>Simultaneous oxidation and reduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reagent is commonly used in Aldol reactions?

    <p>Concentrated base (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Aldol Condensation

    A reaction where aldehydes or ketones form beta-hydroxy aldehydes or ketones.

    Cross Aldol Condensation

    A reaction involving two different aldehydes or ketones to form a single product.

    Self Aldol Condensation

    A reaction where the same aldehyde or ketone reacts with itself to form a product.

    Disproportionation Reaction

    A reaction where a single substance is both oxidized and reduced, forming two different products.

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    Canizzaro Reaction

    A redox reaction where an aldehyde without alpha-hydrogens undergoes self-oxidation and reduction.

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    Koch reaction

    A chemical reaction that involves the formation of carbonyl compounds through the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrochloric acid with an alkane.

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    Rosenmund Reaction

    A reduction reaction that converts acyl chlorides to aldehydes using hydrogen and a palladium catalyst.

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    Stephen Reaction

    A reaction that involves the conversion of nitrites and esters to imines and aldehydes using tin and hydrochloric acid.

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    Clemmensen Reduction

    A reduction method that converts carbonyl groups to methylene groups using zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid.

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    Wolff-Kishner Reduction

    A reaction that reduces carbonyl compounds to alkanes using hydrazine and strong alkali, often in ethylene glycol.

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    Study Notes

    Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids - Revision Notes

    • Name Reactions Summarized:
      • Gatterman-Koch: Reaction of aryl halide with carbon monoxide and HCl in presence of copper (I) chloride or acetate to produce aldehydes.
      • Rosenmund Reduction: Conversion of acyl chlorides to aldehydes using a palladium catalyst.
      • Stephen Reaction: Conversion of nitriles to aldehydes using stannous chloride and hydrochloric acid.
      • Clemmenson Reduction: Reduction of carbonyl compounds to alkanes using zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid.
      • Wolff-Kishner Reduction: Reduction of carbonyl compounds to alkanes using hydrazine, potassium hydroxide, and ethylene glycol; used for the reduction of ketones to alkanes.
      • Aldol Condensation: Reaction between two carbonyl compounds (aldehydes & ketones) to form β-hydroxy carbonyl compounds or α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, using a base.
      • Cross Aldol Condensation: Reaction between two different carbonyl compounds
      • Canizzaro Reaction: Reaction between two aldehyde molecules containing no alpha hydrogens (such as formaldehyde) to produce an alcohol and a carboxylic acid .
      • Etard Reaction: Oxidation of methyl group in an aromatic compound to a formyl group and subsequent reduction to an aldehyde
      • Decarboxylation: Removal of carboxyl group (-COOH) from a molecule.
      • Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction: Introduction of halogen at α-position of a carboxylic acid.

    Preparations of Aldehydes and Ketones

    • From Alcohols: Primary and secondary alcohols are usually oxidized using oxidizing agents such as potassium dichromate or chromic acid to produce aldehydes and ketones.
    • From Hydrocarbons:
      • Aldehydes: Alkenes can be ozonolyzed then treated with zinc and water
        • Aromatic hydrocarbons can be oxidized with chromyl chloride.
      • Ketones: Aromatic ketones, can be produced using Friedel-Crafts acylation.
    • From Acyl Chlorides: Acyl chlorides can be converted to aldehydes and/or ketones
    • From Nitriles and Esters: Nitriles can be reduced using di-isobutylaluminum hydride to produce aldehydes; esters undergo basic hydrolysis.

    Preparations of Carboxylic Acids

    • From Aldehydes: Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids using oxidizing agents.
    • From Primary Alcohols: Primary alcohols can be oxidized to carboxylic acids using oxidizing agents.
    • From Alkyl Benzenes: Alkyl benzenes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids under certain conditions (e.g., using strong oxidizing agents).
    • From Nitriles and Amides: Nitriles or amides can be converted to carboxylic acids.
    • From Grignard Reagents: Grignard reagents can react with carbon dioxide followed by hydrolysis.
    • From Acyl Halides and Anhydrides: Acyl halides and anhydrides can be hydrolyzed to their corresponding carboxylic acids.
    • From Esters: Esters can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids (basic or acidic conditions).

    Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

    • General Reactions: Nucleophilic additions (to carbonyl group), reduction, oxidation, and other reactions are common
    • Specific Reactions:
      • Addition of HCN: Forms cyanohydrins.
      • Addition of Grignard reagents: Formation of alcohols.
      • Addition of sodium hydrogensulphite: Formation of addition products
      • Hydration of alkynes: produces aldehyde or ketones
      • Nucleophilic Addition Reactions: Reactions that involve attacking the carbonyl group.
      • Reduction: conversion of aldehydes/ketones to alcohols; and from carboxylic acids to aldehydes, and then alcohols through reduction reactions
      • Oxidation: conversion of aldehydes/ketones to carboxylic acids through oxidation reactions
      • Reactions involving C–OH bond cleavage: Formation of anhydrides; esterification; reaction with PCls, PCl5, POCl3, and SOCl2; reaction with ammonia and its derivatives

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    Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids Reactions PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers important reactions involving aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. You will learn about various name reactions such as Gatterman-Koch, Rosenmund Reduction, and Aldol Condensation. Test your understanding of these reactions and improve your knowledge in organic chemistry.

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