Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the general formula for alcohols?
What is the general formula for alcohols?
- C – OH
- R – OH (correct)
- R – O – R'
- R – O$H_2$
Which of the following statements about phenols is true?
Which of the following statements about phenols is true?
- Phenols do not exhibit acidity.
- Phenols can be converted directly into ethers.
- Phenols are alcohols without any aromatic characteristics.
- Phenols contain a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon that is part of an aromatic ring. (correct)
Which reaction is typically associated with ethers?
Which reaction is typically associated with ethers?
- Ethers can be easily hydrolyzed in acid.
- Ethers are synthesized through dehydration of alcohols. (correct)
- Ethers do not participate in substitution reactions.
- Ethers undergo oxidation to form alcohols.
Which property differentiates phenols from alcohols?
Which property differentiates phenols from alcohols?
What best describes the function of the R group in the alcohol structure?
What best describes the function of the R group in the alcohol structure?
Flashcards
Alcohol
Alcohol
A functional group containing a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a saturated carbon atom.
Phenol
Phenol
A type of alcohol where the hydroxyl group is attached to an aromatic ring.
Ether
Ether
A functional group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups.
Esterification
Esterification
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Alkyl Halide Formation
Alkyl Halide Formation
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Study Notes
Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Summary
- This lecture covers reactions and preparations of alcohols, phenols, and ethers, focused on JEE 2025 syllabus.
Reactions of Alcohol
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Oxidation: Alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids using reagents like KMnO₄, K₂Cr₂O₇, Jones reagent, PCC, PDC, and CrO₃/Acetone. The specific outcome depends on the type of alcohol (primary, secondary, tertiary) and the oxidizing agent.
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Dehydration: Alcohols can be dehydrated to alkenes using concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) at high temperatures. This process involves removing a water molecule.
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Esterification: Alcohols can react with carboxylic acids to form esters in the presence of acid catalysts (e.g., H⁺).
Reactions of Phenol
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Nitration: Phenol can be nitrated using a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃) to form nitrophenols.
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Halogenation: Halogenation may happen via electrophilic aromatic substitution. Bromine (Br₂) or chlorine (Cl₂) will react in a certain controlled environment to add halogens in the presence of Lewis Acid.
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Reimer-Tiemann Reaction: Reaction with chloroform (CHCl₃) and a base (NaOH) to introduce a formyl group (CHO).
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Kolbe's reaction: Reaction of a phenoxide ion with carbon dioxide (CO₂)
Reactions of Ether
- Cleavage: Ethers can be cleaved using strong acids (e.g., HI, HBr) or H₂O₂ with certain metal ions to produce alcohols or alkyl halides.
Preparation of Alcohols
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Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones: Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using reagents like LiAlH₄, NaBH₄, or DIBAL-H.
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Grignard Reagents: Grignard reagents (RMgX) can be used to form alcohol in reaction with aldehydes and ketones.
- Alkyl halides react with Mg in an ether to form Grignard reagents. These will then react with a variety of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) to form alcohol that can be hydrolyzed to form the desired alcohol intermediate.
- Reactions with formaldehydes lead to primary alcohol
- Reactions with ketones lead to secondary alcohol
Preparation of Ethers
- Williamson Ether Synthesis: Alkyl halides react with sodium alkoxides (RONa) in dry conditions to produce ethers.
Preparation of Phenol
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Dow's process: Chlorobenzene is treated with NaOH/CO₂ to produce phenol.
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Cumene process: Cumene reacts with oxygen (O₂) and then is treated with water (H₂O) then acid to produce phenol.
Reduction Reactions
- Many are possible, including reduction of alkyl halides, aldehydes, ketones, etc. Different methods may result in distinct alcohols (by primary, secondary, or tertiary classifications).
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