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Questions and Answers
Which group is bonded directly to a $sp^3$ hybrid carbon atom in alcohols?
Which group is bonded directly to a $sp^3$ hybrid carbon atom in alcohols?
- Carboxyl group
- Amino group
- Carbonyl group
- Hydroxyl group (correct)
How is ethanol commonly produced?
How is ethanol commonly produced?
- Electrolysis of water and starch
- By catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide
- Heating wood in the absence of air
- Natural fermentation of sugars and starch (correct)
What byproducts are formed during the fermentation process to produce ethanol?
What byproducts are formed during the fermentation process to produce ethanol?
- Ethanol and carbon dioxide (correct)
- Methanol and hydrogen gas
- Oxygen and methane
- Carbon dioxide and water
What is the modern method of producing methanol?
What is the modern method of producing methanol?
Which term describes alcohols with straight or branched chain hydrocarbons?
Which term describes alcohols with straight or branched chain hydrocarbons?
Which of the following is an example of a 2° alcohol?
Which of the following is an example of a 2° alcohol?
What is the correct IUPAC name for 2-propanol?
What is the correct IUPAC name for 2-propanol?
In the IUPAC naming system, what is done to the name of the parent alkane when naming alcohols?
In the IUPAC naming system, what is done to the name of the parent alkane when naming alcohols?
Which of the following is NOT true about 3° alcohols?
Which of the following is NOT true about 3° alcohols?
Which IUPAC rule is used to select the parent structure in alcohol naming?
Which IUPAC rule is used to select the parent structure in alcohol naming?
Which statement is correct for 2-Methyl-2-butanol?
Which statement is correct for 2-Methyl-2-butanol?
How are substituents named when a compound contains more than one substituent?
How are substituents named when a compound contains more than one substituent?
What functional group does an alcohol contain?
What functional group does an alcohol contain?
Which of the following compounds is named 1-Propanol?
Which of the following compounds is named 1-Propanol?
What is the IUPAC name for the compound CH3CCCHCH2CHCH2OH?
What is the IUPAC name for the compound CH3CCCHCH2CHCH2OH?
How does the number of carbon atoms affect the solubility of alcohols in water?
How does the number of carbon atoms affect the solubility of alcohols in water?
Which of these compounds is most likely to dissolve in water?
Which of these compounds is most likely to dissolve in water?
What effect does the hydroxyl group have on the boiling point of alcohols?
What effect does the hydroxyl group have on the boiling point of alcohols?
What is the correct IUPAC name for the compound HOCH2CH2OH?
What is the correct IUPAC name for the compound HOCH2CH2OH?
What is methanol used as in jets?
What is methanol used as in jets?
A primary alcohol has how many alkyl groups bonded to the sp³ hybrid carbon atom?
A primary alcohol has how many alkyl groups bonded to the sp³ hybrid carbon atom?
What is the IUPAC name for CH3CH2OH?
What is the IUPAC name for CH3CH2OH?
How do you name an alcohol with more than one -OH group?
How do you name an alcohol with more than one -OH group?
Which of the following is an industrial use of methanol?
Which of the following is an industrial use of methanol?
Which alcohol has the structure (CH3)3CCH2OH?
Which alcohol has the structure (CH3)3CCH2OH?
What happens to the solubility of alcohols in water as the number of carbon atoms increases?
What happens to the solubility of alcohols in water as the number of carbon atoms increases?
Which part of an alcohol is considered hydrophobic?
Which part of an alcohol is considered hydrophobic?
Up to how many carbon atoms do alcohols maintain water solubility similar to alkanes?
Up to how many carbon atoms do alcohols maintain water solubility similar to alkanes?
How does the boiling point of alcohols change as the number of carbon atoms increases?
How does the boiling point of alcohols change as the number of carbon atoms increases?
Which of the following is the most soluble in water?
Which of the following is the most soluble in water?
What type of derivative are alcohols considered?
What type of derivative are alcohols considered?
What is another term for the hydrophilic part of an alcohol?
What is another term for the hydrophilic part of an alcohol?
Which of the following influences the boiling point of alcohols?
Which of the following influences the boiling point of alcohols?
What is the product formed when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol?
What is the product formed when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol?
Which catalyst is often used in the esterification process of ethanoic acid with ethanol?
Which catalyst is often used in the esterification process of ethanoic acid with ethanol?
What type of compound is produced when alcohols react with hydrogen halides?
What type of compound is produced when alcohols react with hydrogen halides?
What does the hydroxyl group in an alcohol get replaced by in the reaction with a hydrogen halide?
What does the hydroxyl group in an alcohol get replaced by in the reaction with a hydrogen halide?
Which reagent can replace the hydroxyl group in alcohols to form bromoalkanes?
Which reagent can replace the hydroxyl group in alcohols to form bromoalkanes?
Which is a by-product when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in an esterification reaction?
Which is a by-product when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in an esterification reaction?
Which oxidizing agent can stop the oxidation of primary alcohols at the aldehyde stage?
Which oxidizing agent can stop the oxidation of primary alcohols at the aldehyde stage?
What is a phenol?
What is a phenol?
Which product is formed when PCC oxidizes 1-Heptanol?
Which product is formed when PCC oxidizes 1-Heptanol?
Which of the following oxidizing agents can oxidize secondary alcohols to ketones?
Which of the following oxidizing agents can oxidize secondary alcohols to ketones?
Why is the oxidation of tertiary alcohols not possible?
Why is the oxidation of tertiary alcohols not possible?
Which type of functional group is bonded directly to a benzene ring in phenols?
Which type of functional group is bonded directly to a benzene ring in phenols?
What happens to the polarity of an alcohol as the number of carbon atoms increases?
What happens to the polarity of an alcohol as the number of carbon atoms increases?
What ion is formed when an alcohol reacts with sodium amide?
What ion is formed when an alcohol reacts with sodium amide?
Which metal reacts least vigorously with alcohols?
Which metal reacts least vigorously with alcohols?
What product is formed alongside alkoxide ions when alcohols react with alkali metals?
What product is formed alongside alkoxide ions when alcohols react with alkali metals?
In the esterification reaction, what replaces the hydroxyl group in the alcohol?
In the esterification reaction, what replaces the hydroxyl group in the alcohol?
What catalyst is typically used in the esterification reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
What catalyst is typically used in the esterification reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
What type of reaction occurs when an alcohol reacts with bromine in the presence of red phosphorus?
What type of reaction occurs when an alcohol reacts with bromine in the presence of red phosphorus?
What is the major product when ethanol reacts with sodium metal?
What is the major product when ethanol reacts with sodium metal?
Which reagent is used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes?
Which reagent is used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes?
Which product is formed when $CH_3(CH_2)_5CH_2OH$ is oxidized using Collin's reagent?
Which product is formed when $CH_3(CH_2)_5CH_2OH$ is oxidized using Collin's reagent?
Which of the following is a commonly used oxidizing agent for oxidizing primary and secondary alcohols?
Which of the following is a commonly used oxidizing agent for oxidizing primary and secondary alcohols?
What are phenols commonly used for?
What are phenols commonly used for?
Which product is formed when $CH_3(CH_2)_3CH_2OH$ is oxidized using potassium permanganate?
Which product is formed when $CH_3(CH_2)_3CH_2OH$ is oxidized using potassium permanganate?
Which reagent is used in the reaction to replace the hydroxyl group of the alcohol with a halogen atom, forming a chloroalkane?
Which reagent is used in the reaction to replace the hydroxyl group of the alcohol with a halogen atom, forming a chloroalkane?
Which of the following is a by-product when $PBr_3$ is used to replace the hydroxyl group of an alcohol with a bromine atom?
Which of the following is a by-product when $PBr_3$ is used to replace the hydroxyl group of an alcohol with a bromine atom?
When $CH_3(CH_2)_3CHOHCH_3$ is oxidized, what product is formed?
When $CH_3(CH_2)_3CHOHCH_3$ is oxidized, what product is formed?
Study Notes
Alcohols
- An alcohol is a compound that contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded directly to a sp3 hybrid carbon atom.
- Alcohols can be described as aliphatic hydroxyl compounds.
- Ethanol is a common example of an alcohol, sourced from the natural fermentation of sugars and starch.
Classification of Alcohols
- Primary alcohol: only one alkyl group is attached to the sp3 hybrid carbon atom (e.g. ethanol, CH3CH2OH)
- Secondary alcohol: two alkyl groups are directly attached to the sp3 hybrid carbon atom
- Tertiary alcohol: three alkyl groups are attached to the sp3 hybrid carbon atom
Naming of Alcohols
- Select the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that contain the -OH group
- Obtain the parent alkane name of the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
- Replace the terminal -e of the parent alkane name with -ol
- If the compound contains more than one -OH group, use the endings -diol, -triol, etc.
- If the compound contains other functional groups, name them alphabetically
Physical Properties of Alcohols
- The hydroxyl group is polar and can form hydrogen bonds
- The type of alcohol determines its chemical properties
- Solubility: the hydroxyl group helps the alcohol dissolve in water, but the number of carbon atoms affects solubility (increases with decrease in carbon atoms)
- Boiling point: the hydroxyl group forms hydrogen bonds, increasing the boiling point, and higher molecular weight alcohols have a higher boiling point
Reactions of Alcohols
- Reaction with a strong base: forms an alkoxide ion
- Reaction with alkali metals: forms alkoxide ions
- Reaction with carboxylic acids: forms esters (esterification)
- Reaction with bromine: forms alkyl bromide and hydrogen bromide (substitution reaction)
- Reaction with hydrogen halides: forms haloalkanes
- Reaction with phosphorus tribromide: forms bromoalkane
Oxidation of Alcohols
- Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or carboxylic acids
- Secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones
- Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized
- Oxidizing agents: CrO3, Na2Cr2O7, KMnO4, PCC, Collin's reagent
Phenols
- Compounds that contain a hydroxyl group bonded directly to a benzene ring
- Occur widely in nature, particularly in plants
- Used as colouring materials, disinfectants, germicides, and deodorants
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Description
Learn about the basics of alcohols, including their structure and classification. Discover the characteristics of ethanol and its natural sources.
