Alcohols Introduction
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Questions and Answers

Which group is bonded directly to a $sp^3$ hybrid carbon atom in alcohols?

  • Carboxyl group
  • Amino group
  • Carbonyl group
  • Hydroxyl group (correct)

    • How is ethanol commonly produced?

  • Electrolysis of water and starch
  • By catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide
  • Heating wood in the absence of air
  • Natural fermentation of sugars and starch (correct)

    • What byproducts are formed during the fermentation process to produce ethanol?

  • Ethanol and carbon dioxide (correct)
  • Methanol and hydrogen gas
  • Oxygen and methane
  • Carbon dioxide and water

    • What is the modern method of producing methanol?

    <p>Catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide by hydrogen gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes alcohols with straight or branched chain hydrocarbons?

    <p>Aliphatic hydroxyl compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a 2° alcohol?

    <p>2-propanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct IUPAC name for 2-propanol?

    <p>propan-2-ol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the IUPAC naming system, what is done to the name of the parent alkane when naming alcohols?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about 3° alcohols?

    <p>They have a primary hydrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which IUPAC rule is used to select the parent structure in alcohol naming?

    <p>Select the longest continuous chain containing the -OH group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is correct for 2-Methyl-2-butanol?

    <p>It is a 3° alcohol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are substituents named when a compound contains more than one substituent?

    <p>Alphabetically before the alcohol name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functional group does an alcohol contain?

    <p>Hydroxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is named 1-Propanol?

    <p>CH3CH2CH2OH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the IUPAC name for the compound CH3CCCHCH2CHCH2OH?

    <p>4-Bromo-2-Chloro-5-heptyn-1-ol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the number of carbon atoms affect the solubility of alcohols in water?

    <p>Solubility decreases with an increasing number of carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these compounds is most likely to dissolve in water?

    <p>Methanol (CH3OH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the hydroxyl group have on the boiling point of alcohols?

    <p>Increases the boiling point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct IUPAC name for the compound HOCH2CH2OH?

    <p>1,2-Ethanediol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is methanol used as in jets?

    <p>Additive to jet fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A primary alcohol has how many alkyl groups bonded to the sp³ hybrid carbon atom?

    <p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the IUPAC name for CH3CH2OH?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you name an alcohol with more than one -OH group?

    <p>By adding prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an industrial use of methanol?

    <p>In the production of methanal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which alcohol has the structure (CH3)3CCH2OH?

    <p>2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the solubility of alcohols in water as the number of carbon atoms increases?

    <p>Solubility decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of an alcohol is considered hydrophobic?

    <p>Alkyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Up to how many carbon atoms do alcohols maintain water solubility similar to alkanes?

    <p>Nine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the boiling point of alcohols change as the number of carbon atoms increases?

    <p>Boiling point increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most soluble in water?

    <p>CH3OH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of derivative are alcohols considered?

    <p>Organic derivatives of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for the hydrophilic part of an alcohol?

    <p>Water-loving part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following influences the boiling point of alcohols?

    <p>Intermolecular forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product formed when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol?

    <p>Ethyl ethanoate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which catalyst is often used in the esterification process of ethanoic acid with ethanol?

    <p>H2SO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of compound is produced when alcohols react with hydrogen halides?

    <p>Haloalkanes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hydroxyl group in an alcohol get replaced by in the reaction with a hydrogen halide?

    <p>A halogen atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reagent can replace the hydroxyl group in alcohols to form bromoalkanes?

    <p>PBr3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a by-product when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in an esterification reaction?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oxidizing agent can stop the oxidation of primary alcohols at the aldehyde stage?

    <p>Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phenol?

    <p>A compound containing a hydroxyl group bonded directly to a benzene ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which product is formed when PCC oxidizes 1-Heptanol?

    <p>Heptanal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following oxidizing agents can oxidize secondary alcohols to ketones?

    <p>All of the listed agents can perform this oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the oxidation of tertiary alcohols not possible?

    <p>The carbon atom does not have any attached hydrogen atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of functional group is bonded directly to a benzene ring in phenols?

    <p>Hydroxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the polarity of an alcohol as the number of carbon atoms increases?

    <p>The polarity decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ion is formed when an alcohol reacts with sodium amide?

    <p>Alkoxide ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metal reacts least vigorously with alcohols?

    <p>Lithium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What product is formed alongside alkoxide ions when alcohols react with alkali metals?

    <p>Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the esterification reaction, what replaces the hydroxyl group in the alcohol?

    <p>Alkoxy group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What catalyst is typically used in the esterification reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?

    <p>Sulfuric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs when an alcohol reacts with bromine in the presence of red phosphorus?

    <p>Substitution reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major product when ethanol reacts with sodium metal?

    <p>Sodium ethoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reagent is used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes?

    <p>Collin's reagent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which product is formed when $CH_3(CH_2)_5CH_2OH$ is oxidized using Collin's reagent?

    <p>$CH_3(CH_2)_5CHO$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a commonly used oxidizing agent for oxidizing primary and secondary alcohols?

    <p>Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are phenols commonly used for?

    <p>As germicides and deodorizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which product is formed when $CH_3(CH_2)_3CH_2OH$ is oxidized using potassium permanganate?

    <p>1-Pentanoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reagent is used in the reaction to replace the hydroxyl group of the alcohol with a halogen atom, forming a chloroalkane?

    <p>Thionyl chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a by-product when $PBr_3$ is used to replace the hydroxyl group of an alcohol with a bromine atom?

    <p>$H_3PO_3$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When $CH_3(CH_2)_3CHOHCH_3$ is oxidized, what product is formed?

    <p>2-Hexanone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Alcohols

    • An alcohol is a compound that contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded directly to a sp3 hybrid carbon atom.
    • Alcohols can be described as aliphatic hydroxyl compounds.
    • Ethanol is a common example of an alcohol, sourced from the natural fermentation of sugars and starch.

    Classification of Alcohols

    • Primary alcohol: only one alkyl group is attached to the sp3 hybrid carbon atom (e.g. ethanol, CH3CH2OH)
    • Secondary alcohol: two alkyl groups are directly attached to the sp3 hybrid carbon atom
    • Tertiary alcohol: three alkyl groups are attached to the sp3 hybrid carbon atom

    Naming of Alcohols

    • Select the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that contain the -OH group
    • Obtain the parent alkane name of the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
    • Replace the terminal -e of the parent alkane name with -ol
    • If the compound contains more than one -OH group, use the endings -diol, -triol, etc.
    • If the compound contains other functional groups, name them alphabetically

    Physical Properties of Alcohols

    • The hydroxyl group is polar and can form hydrogen bonds
    • The type of alcohol determines its chemical properties
    • Solubility: the hydroxyl group helps the alcohol dissolve in water, but the number of carbon atoms affects solubility (increases with decrease in carbon atoms)
    • Boiling point: the hydroxyl group forms hydrogen bonds, increasing the boiling point, and higher molecular weight alcohols have a higher boiling point

    Reactions of Alcohols

    • Reaction with a strong base: forms an alkoxide ion
    • Reaction with alkali metals: forms alkoxide ions
    • Reaction with carboxylic acids: forms esters (esterification)
    • Reaction with bromine: forms alkyl bromide and hydrogen bromide (substitution reaction)
    • Reaction with hydrogen halides: forms haloalkanes
    • Reaction with phosphorus tribromide: forms bromoalkane

    Oxidation of Alcohols

    • Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or carboxylic acids
    • Secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones
    • Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized
    • Oxidizing agents: CrO3, Na2Cr2O7, KMnO4, PCC, Collin's reagent

    Phenols

    • Compounds that contain a hydroxyl group bonded directly to a benzene ring
    • Occur widely in nature, particularly in plants
    • Used as colouring materials, disinfectants, germicides, and deodorants

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    Description

    Learn about the basics of alcohols, including their structure and classification. Discover the characteristics of ethanol and its natural sources.

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