6-L2

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What does pharmacokinetics study in the body?

How drugs work
The absorption of drugs only
The movement of drugs and their metabolites (correct)
The effects of drugs on the body

What does pharmacodynamics study in the body?

What the drug does to the body (correct)
The absorption of drugs only
The movement of drugs and their metabolites
What the body does to the drug

What happens to lipid-soluble drugs when they enter the body?

They are reabsorbed from the urine into the blood (correct)
They are deactivated by metabolism
They are easily excreted in urine
They are distributed evenly throughout the body

Why are drugs metabolized?

To deactivate their toxic effects (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is an important factor in the pharmacological effects of a drug?

The free concentration of the drug at its site of action (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the abbreviation for the process of drug movement through the body?

ADME (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics?

The pharmacodynamics of a drug depends on its pharmacokinetics (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of leaky plasma membranes in damaged liver cells?

Loss of enzymes from the cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total amount of drug in the body is typically excreted in an unchanged state?

1% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is hyperbilirubinaemia a result of?

A reduction in bilirubin conjugation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of drug metabolism?

To make the drug more water-soluble (C) Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of metabolism is a reactive group exposed or added to the parent molecule?

Phase I (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of decreased albumin synthesis in the liver?

Oedema (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common conjugate used in phase II metabolism?

Glucuronic acid (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of reduced lipoprotein synthesis in the liver?

Fatty liver (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of excessive alcohol consumption?

Vitamin and mineral deficiencies (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the high-energy cofactor required for phase I metabolism?

Nicotinamide adenine diphosphate (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conjugation in phase II metabolism?

To make the drug more water-soluble (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is used as a diagnostic indicator of liver cell damage?

Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of enzyme system is required for phase I metabolism?

Cytochrome P450 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the major site of lipogenesis?

Liver (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of high concentrations of alcohol on the GI cells?

Damage to GI cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients is impaired in its absorption due to high alcohol consumption?

Vitamin K (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a neurological symptom associated with thiamine deficiency?

Mental confusion (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the syndrome that can result from thiamine deficiency?

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Disulfiram in the treatment of chronic alcohol dependence?

To inhibit the aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Disulfiram on the patient if they drink alcohol?

It causes nausea and other hangover symptoms (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is required for Disulfiram to be effective in treating alcohol dependence?

Additional support (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to liver cells when NADH levels increase?

Fatty acid oxidation, conversion of lactate to pyruvate, and metabolism of glycerol are inhibited (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of decreased lactate utilization by liver cells?

Accumulation of lactate in the blood and potentially causing lactic acidosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why is gluconeogenesis inhibited in the liver?

Due to low NAD+ levels and inability to use lactate and glycerol (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of decreased gluconeogenesis in the liver?

Hypoglycemia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the development of hypoglycaemia in alcoholics?

Poor dietary habits (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is acetaldehyde?

A byproduct of alcohol catabolism (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of aldehyde dehydrogenase?

To remove acetaldehyde from the body (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased acetyl-CoA availability on liver metabolism?

Significant effects on liver metabolism (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of impaired liver function in alcoholics?

Liver damage and potential hypoglycaemia (C) Signup and view all the answers