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Questions and Answers
How are alcohols classified based on the number of carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom with the -OH group?
How are alcohols classified based on the number of carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom with the -OH group?
- Aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic
- Saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic
- Linear, branched, or cyclic
- Primary, secondary, or tertiary (correct)
What is the general term for alcohols that have more than one -OH group per molecule?
What is the general term for alcohols that have more than one -OH group per molecule?
- Unsaturated alcohols
- Aromatic alcohols
- Carbonyl alcohols
- Polyhydroxy alcohols (correct)
In the structure of glucose, how many alcohol groups are present and what classification(s) (1°, 2°, or 3°) do they belong to?
In the structure of glucose, how many alcohol groups are present and what classification(s) (1°, 2°, or 3°) do they belong to?
- Four alcohol groups: 2°
- Six alcohol groups: a mix of 1° and 2°
- Five alcohol groups: 1° (correct)
- Three alcohol groups: 3°
What are the IUPAC rules for naming alcohols based on the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms containing the -OH group?
What are the IUPAC rules for naming alcohols based on the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms containing the -OH group?
What is the IUPAC rule for naming alcohols when isomers are possible?
What is the IUPAC rule for naming alcohols when isomers are possible?
What is the relationship between boiling points of normal alcohols and the number of carbon atoms?
What is the relationship between boiling points of normal alcohols and the number of carbon atoms?
What is responsible for the water solubility and relatively high boiling points of low-molar-mass alcohols?
What is responsible for the water solubility and relatively high boiling points of low-molar-mass alcohols?
What chemical property gives an organic compound the capability of forming an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid?
What chemical property gives an organic compound the capability of forming an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid?
What is the major product of the dehydration of alcohols with sulfuric acid?
What is the major product of the dehydration of alcohols with sulfuric acid?
What is the term used for compounds that have a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring?
What is the term used for compounds that have a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring?
Which of the following is more acidic than alcohols and water?
Which of the following is more acidic than alcohols and water?
What is the product of the reaction between phenol and sodium hydroxide?
What is the product of the reaction between phenol and sodium hydroxide?
What is the common oxidizing agent used for oxidizing alcohols?
What is the common oxidizing agent used for oxidizing alcohols?
What is the result of the oxidation of a tertiary alcohol?
What is the result of the oxidation of a tertiary alcohol?
What is the product of the dehydration of 2-butanol with sulfuric acid?
What is the product of the dehydration of 2-butanol with sulfuric acid?
What is the molar mass of glucose?
What is the molar mass of glucose?
What is the general formula for the saturated homologous series of aldehydes and ketones?
What is the general formula for the saturated homologous series of aldehydes and ketones?
How is the aldehyde group often written in a linear expression?
How is the aldehyde group often written in a linear expression?
How is the carbonyl group written in the linear expression of a ketone?
How is the carbonyl group written in the linear expression of a ketone?
According to IUPAC rules, how is the parent aldehyde name formed?
According to IUPAC rules, how is the parent aldehyde name formed?
What is the IUPAC suffix for naming aldehydes?
What is the IUPAC suffix for naming aldehydes?
What type of reaction converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids?
What type of reaction converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids?
What is the common name for the compound with the IUPAC name propanal?
What is the common name for the compound with the IUPAC name propanal?
Which test is used to differentiate between aldehydes and ketones?
Which test is used to differentiate between aldehydes and ketones?
What functional group is formed when aldehydes react with alcohols in the presence of acid?
What functional group is formed when aldehydes react with alcohols in the presence of acid?
What is the predominant structure of fructose inside a cell?
What is the predominant structure of fructose inside a cell?
What is the IUPAC suffix for naming ketones?
What is the IUPAC suffix for naming ketones?
Which of the following tests involves the use of Cu2+ ions in an alkaline medium?
Which of the following tests involves the use of Cu2+ ions in an alkaline medium?
What is the result of the oxidation of aldehydes?
What is the result of the oxidation of aldehydes?
Which chemical property allows aldehydes and ketones to form hydrogen bonds with water?
Which chemical property allows aldehydes and ketones to form hydrogen bonds with water?
What is the product of the reaction between aldehydes and silver ions in the Tollens test?
What is the product of the reaction between aldehydes and silver ions in the Tollens test?
What functional group is formed when aldehydes or hemiacetals react with a second molecule of alcohol in the presence of acid?
What functional group is formed when aldehydes or hemiacetals react with a second molecule of alcohol in the presence of acid?
Flashcards
Alcohol Classification
Alcohol Classification
Alcohols are categorized as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) based on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon bearing the -OH group.
Polyhydric Alcohol
Polyhydric Alcohol
An alcohol with more than one hydroxyl (-OH) group.
IUPAC Alcohol Naming
IUPAC Alcohol Naming
Naming alcohols using the longest carbon chain containing the -OH group and adding the suffix '-ol'.
Boiling Point Trend (Alcohols)
Boiling Point Trend (Alcohols)
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Alcohol Solubility
Alcohol Solubility
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Alcohol Oxidation
Alcohol Oxidation
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Tertiary Alcohol Oxidation
Tertiary Alcohol Oxidation
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Alcohol Dehydration
Alcohol Dehydration
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Phenol Definition
Phenol Definition
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Phenol Reaction
Phenol Reaction
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Aldehyde IUPAC Suffix
Aldehyde IUPAC Suffix
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Ketone IUPAC Suffix
Ketone IUPAC Suffix
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Aldehyde General Formula
Aldehyde General Formula
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Ketone General Formula
Ketone General Formula
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Hemiacetal
Hemiacetal
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Acetal
Acetal
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Fehling's Test
Fehling's Test
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Tollens' Test
Tollens' Test
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Glucose Structure (Functional Groups)
Glucose Structure (Functional Groups)
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Fructose Structure
Fructose Structure
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Chromic Acid (Oxidation Reaction)
Chromic Acid (Oxidation Reaction)
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Oxidation of Aldehydes
Oxidation of Aldehydes
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Study Notes
Classification of Alcohols
- Alcohols are classified based on the number of carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom with the -OH group as 1° (primary), 2° (secondary), or 3° (tertiary) alcohols.
Polyhydric Alcohols
- Alcohols with more than one -OH group per molecule are called polyhydric alcohols.
Glucose Structure
- Glucose has five alcohol groups, which are classified as 1° and 2° alcohols.
IUPAC Rules for Naming Alcohols
- The IUPAC rules for naming alcohols involve naming the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms containing the -OH group and adding the suffix "-ol".
- When isomers are possible, the IUPAC rule is to number the carbon atoms in the longest chain starting from the end closest to the -OH group.
Boiling Points of Alcohols
- The boiling points of normal alcohols increase with the number of carbon atoms.
Solubility and Boiling Points of Alcohols
- Low-molar-mass alcohols are soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding, which is also responsible for their relatively high boiling points.
Chemical Properties of Alcohols
- Alcohols can be oxidized to form aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids.
- The oxidation of a tertiary alcohol results in a carbocation.
Dehydration of Alcohols
- The major product of the dehydration of alcohols with sulfuric acid is an alkene.
Phenol
- Compounds with a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring are called phenols.
- Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to form a salt.
Oxidizing Agents and Aldehydes
- Chromic acid (H2CrO4) is a common oxidizing agent used to oxidize alcohols.
- The oxidation of aldehydes results in carboxylic acids.
General Formula for Aldehydes and Ketones
- The general formula for the saturated homologous series of aldehydes and ketones is CnH2nO.
Aldehyde and Ketone Nomenclature
- The aldehyde group is often written as -CHO in a linear expression.
- The carbonyl group is written as -CO- in a linear expression for ketones.
- The IUPAC suffix for naming aldehydes is "-al".
- The IUPAC suffix for naming ketones is "-one".
Fehling's Test and Tollens' Test
- Fehling's test involves the use of Cu2+ ions in an alkaline medium to differentiate between aldehydes and ketones.
- Tollens' test involves the reaction of aldehydes with silver ions to form a silver mirror.
Hemiacetals and Acetals
- Aldehydes react with alcohols in the presence of acid to form hemiacetals, which can react with another molecule of alcohol to form acetals.
Fructose Structure
- The predominant structure of fructose inside a cell is a cyclic structure.
Ketone Nomenclature
- The IUPAC suffix for naming ketones is "-one".
Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Aldehydes and ketones can form hydrogen bonds with water due to their polarity.
- Aldehydes react with alcohols in the presence of acid to form hemiacetals, which can react with another molecule of alcohol to form acetals.
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Description
Test your knowledge of organic chemistry with this quiz on alcohols and phenols. Explore the classification, naming, physical and chemical properties, and common examples of alcohols, as well as the properties and classification of phenols. Perfect for students and enthusiasts of organic chemistry.
