Alcoholic Drinks of the Americas

Alcoholic Beverages of the Americas

• Spanish explorers sought botanicals in the Americas.
• Pulque is a fermented beverage made from the juice of maguey.
• Balche made by the Maya, is a honey wine associated with Acon, the Mayan god of intoxication.
• Tepache is a mildly alcoholic beverage from indigenous Mexico, made with fermented pineapple.
• Tejuino, a traditional drink from Jalisco, is maize-based and starts from fermented masa.
• Chicha is a fermented beverage from the Andes, made from maize, manioc root, cassava, or fruits.
• Cauim, native to Brazil, is similar to chicha.
• Tiswin, a fermented ceremonial drink from the southwestern US and northern Mexico, contains maize and saguaro sap.
• Maple syrup can become a mildly alcoholic beverage if the sap is fermented, used by northern American tribes.
• Awa is made from the Hawaiian pepper plant and is used as a sedative, for sacred prayer, and pleasure.
• The Maya were known to use beer enemas.

Importance of Tobacco, Cacao, and Coca for Indigenous People and Europeans

• Cacao held significance for indigenous populations and Europeans.
• Cacao was a Mayan and Aztec delicacy and a stimulant used in ceremonial rites with gold goblets, spoons, and utensils.
• Cacao is an alkaloid from the caffeine family associated with Chac, the rain god, and Ixchel, the moon goddess, in exchange rituals.
• The Spanish traded their technology for cacao.
• Coca also had importance to the indigenous people and the Incan Empire, where Khuho Snow God introduced the coca plant to humans
• Chewing coca leaves helped humans deal with cold, altitude, and lack of air.
• Coca was part of winter solstice offerings and coca breads were consumed by nobles, but prohibited to other classes.
• The Spanish democratized coca consumption with Spanish groups made money by selling coca to everyone
• Conflict arose between the Spanish and Inca as some Inca saw benefits in more efficient plantations, while others viewed coca as idolatrous
• The Spanish placed a hefty tax on coca to clergy
• Tobacco was also has cultural importance to indigenous people
• Indigenous people would drink, eat and smoke tobacco.
• Tobacco was used in religious ceremonies, rites of passage, and for daily use, with its scarcity indicating a tribe's poverty.
• It was also used as a peace offering between tribes.
• Europeans initially faced inquisition due to smoking habits, with smoke considered hellish due to its thickness and unusual nature
• Tobacco spread from Europe to Africa and Asia
• Spanish began taxing export of tobacco in 1611 and American colonies began cultivation in 1612.
• King James I condemned tobacco use and levied import taxes in 1613.
• England and Spain controlled tobacco import to Europe, Africa, and Asia and many leaders punished or abused use of tobacco
• In the 18th century, punishments stopped. Governments made rights to legalization for prices, technology was traded for tobacco

Major Drugs in the Americas

• Botanicals were seen as treasures, including hallucinogens, stimulants, and depressants, due to their strength compared to those in homelands.
• Natives possessed exceptional knowledge of plants, remedies, and natural cures.

Hallucinogens and Entheogens

• Peyote was used in healing rituals for diagnosing spiritual and physical ills, and in pagan rituals + superstitions.
• Only psychoactive plants were used.
• Hallucinogenic mushrooms containing psilocybin were also used in rituals.
• Ayahuasca: is an enthogenic that is made from caapi vine used in spiritual ceremonies and healing, sometimes called the "Work of the devil"
• Morning glory seeds had visionary experiences similar to LSD and used for visions and divination

Stimulants

• Coca was chewed by the Inca for energy, altitude adaptation, and ritual use, later exploited by the Spanish Merchants.
• Cacao was used by Aztec and Mayan rulers as a stimulant in ceremonial rites.
• Yerba Mate is caffeine-rich and was initially condemned by the Spanish Church.
• Guarana contains high caffeine levels.

Depressants and Other Substances

• A potent variety of Tobacco was used religiously and socially, while alcohol was used in ceremonies.
• Mayans used beer enemas for faster intoxication.
• Capsaicin, found in chili peppers, and chili pepper oil was used to treat painful conditions like toothache and during childbirth, pain relief by Aztec and Mayan healers

European vs. Indigenous Views

European View

• Europeans generally viewed Indigenous people as uncivilized savages which was seen as inferior
• There was a fascination with indigenous plants and unique items.
• Europeans believed Indigenous people should convert to Christianity.
• Indigenous lands were seen as resources for exploitation through colonization, trade, and enslaving people.

Indigenous View

• Initially curious, they welcomed Europeans and traded
• They became afraid of Europeans bringing land and disease and saw colonizers as a threat.

Opium Wars

• Took place between China and Western Powers
• China previously banned Opium during Yun-Chung rule due to belief that imperial reserves being depleted of precious metals/spices
• The Portuguese smuggled Opium into China which would result in death
• Britain was primary party in the 1800s
• Trade disputes led to British trade of opium to China to balance trade deficits with China (through smuggling of opium)
• The First Opium War (1838-1842) triggered by Chinese attempt to curb opium trade, ended with the Treaty of Nanking
• The Treaty of Nanking was an imposition on China, with large monetary reparations, cession of Hong Kong to Britain, and opening of new ports for trade
• The Second Opium War (1856-1858) was fought over trade following the Treaty of Nanking and an attempt to legitimize the opium trade: Britain + France against China
• The Treaty of Tienstin expanded foreign influence in China to 11 more ports in additional to Christian missionary activities in the country
• The Period of unequal treaties where China gave foreign powers significant concessions to reduce sovereignty and widespread cultivation of Opium which lead to "spheres of influence"

Compulsive Consumption

• It can be inappropriate, excessive, or disruptive behavior to the consumer and family with health issues, addiction, and societal disruption
• The use of Opium in China was compulsive with high addiction rates and potential harm of unregulated supply: Smuggling into China from the British East India Company + Portuguese

Nineteenth Century and Medical Practices

Emetics/Purgatives

• Any agent that causes nausea and vomiting with mineral + herbal forms in 1800s
• Salt, drinking heavily salted water could make vomit + kill you, although it could kill you
• Beer + crushed garlic were used to cure poison snake bites via vomiting because snake venom does not collect in stomach
• Blue Vitriol (Copper sulfate) was used for Opium and hemlock poisoning; however is poison itself and causes red blood cells to pop and muscle to break down
• Ipecac was used to treat poison of all kinds and decrease toxin absorptions (only causes 50% of time)
• Apomorphine, made of hallucinogenic drugs from bulbs of water lilies, had 95% vomit rates and was used in homosexual aversion therapy

Progress was achieved through and Industrial revolution

• Scientific progress was achieved through the increased ability to solve problems and make advancements through application of science and technology
• The concept of the scientific community begins to collectively learn more through progressive accumulation of written and shared knowledge
• Economic progress was achieved through sophistication of trade, innovation, monetary, and manufacturing systems More products made in less time for less money lead to increased profits and new transportation methods made global trade better lead to expanding markets
• Social Progress, societies becoming better and sophisticated, political stability (acceptable standard of living for all), equal access to law and equal treatment under law for all citizens, social norms and values create sense of unity/identification in behavior, art, literature, disappearance of slavery, rise in literacy, lessening of inequity between sexes, reforms of prisons, decline in poverty
• The search for progress generated insomnia and exhaustion, Inflationary economies, class rigidity and overpopulation of cities

Pseudoscience

• Statements, beliefs, practices claimed to be scientific and factual but were derived in absence of evidence gathered/constrained by appropriate scientific methods, contradictory/unfalsifiable claims, reliance on confirmation bias rather than refutation, lack of openness to evaluation by experts and absence of systematic practices when developing theories
• Quackery and Charlatans involved fradulent medical practices promoted by individuals with no medical training. Quacks would sell ineffective remedies through false claims about their healing powers with snake oil (products marketed as cures for wide range of disease with no real medicinal value) with a traveling doctor with dubious credentials and sold fake medicines with claims by pseudo scientific evidence
• Bloodletting was an accepted treatment for many ailments, relieve body of bad blood and restore balance Brain inflammation, venereal disease, TB, epilepsy, with no scientific basis for practice.
• Mercury was a cure for numerous health problems even though it is poisonous.
• Pink Pills for Pale People: Cure for bad blood, low energy (placebo effect)
• German syrup: Cure for respiratory problems.

Addiction and Harm Reduction

• Substitution of one addiction for another with use of morphine and heroin in China counter opium addiction (morphine/heroin = opium but with plan to treat heroin addiction with opium derivative (methadone= similar feeling of opioid but prevents withdrawal symptoms which is replacement therapy (one drug substituted for another do for health and well-being of the patient)

Vices

• Habit that is regarded as a weakness in someone's character, vices being constellations of ruminous behaviors, society discourages or suppresses like in gambling, prostitution, drinking, drug use, sexual deviance with drugs and behavioral addictions was Vices in Victorian Era chemical dependency and compulsive behaviors as components of addiction

Soda Fountains

• Local drug stores provided beverages part pharmacology and part refreshment which to cure or aid some physical malady early in morning) to get refreshing and healthy start to day, sold as a pick me up to provide mental or physical stimulation (caffeine or other addictive substance, concoctions of drugs like cocaine and caffeine, mixed into sodas to treat maladies and make them palatable The perspective has shifted to people saw them as habit forming (normalize consumption of chemicals in social context and addiction blur line between healthcare and consumer goods Beverage companies and local pharmacies expanded

Opioids vs Opiates

• Opioids are used to describe substance, natural or substance that binds to opioid receptors in the brain which include Natural opioid: codeine, morphine, heroin, synthetic opioid: fentanyl, methadone and semi-synthetic opioid: oxycodone, hydrocodone
• Opiates are natural substance that can be extracted from flowering opium poppy plant Opiates are opioids, (but not reverse) which means they can be highly addictive and frequently misused
• The opioid crisis stems from overuse, abuse, and addiction to opioid drugs (prescription opioids: oxycontin, hydrocodone, oxycodone and illicit opioids like heroin and fentanyl)(began in 1990s) overprescription of opioids)
• This became problematic when Purdue Pharmaceuticals aggressively marketed opioids as safe and became widespread and millions of people addicted to prescription opioids which caused a shift to illicit drugs and when opioids became harder to obtain due to regulation, many individuals turned to cheaper and more easily available illicit drugs like heroin + fent and thousands eventually died from overdoses with synthetics ones and Purdue Pharma + McKinsey Company engaged in misleading marketing.

Drug Regulation

• FDA (Food and Drug Administration in 1906) is focused on supervising and protecting health through control by protecting promoting through control/supervision of food, tobacco product, dietary supplements, prescriptions, vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, cosmetics, animal foods, and vet products which the agency enforces federal food, drug, cosmetic regulation based on drug efficacy and safety
• DEA: Enforces controlled substances law and regulations (controlled substances and chemical diversion and trafficking laws in US (growing,manufacture,distribution of controlled substances appearing in illicit traffic, recommends support programs at eliminating availablility of trafficking disrupting organizations by arresting members, confiscating drugs, seizing assets, and domestic programs

Vaping

• Posing dangers such as Respiratory issues (irritation, coughing, increased airway resistance), cardiovascular issues (chest pain, increased heart rate and blood pressure, Poison risk (nicotine poisoning + flavored e-juice(battery hazard)Addiction (nicotine addiction in adolescents and young adults) causing higher risk covid and appeal younger generations
• and long term effects because it is dangerous.

Direct to Consumer Genetics

• 23andMe, AncestryDNA, and MyHeritage DNA offer services that allow individuals to analyze their genetic information for ancestry, health traits, and more, without needing a medical professional's consultation by successfully marketing their service as a fun and interesting glimpse “inside oneself” or “discovering your ancestry”
• Companies had issues as they were not in compliance with California laws (testing facilities were not licensed correctly) and tests were ordered without the request or counsel of a trained medical professional

Vaping Liquid

• Juices includes liquids such as flavoring, nicotine, vegetable glycerin and Propylene glycol (to intensify taste and feel of inhalant, used to mix ethyl alcohol and nicotine) or Vape freebase (containing nicotine and ammonia)
• Freebase contains nicotine and ammonia

Medical Devices

• Class I Pose Little threat to patient/user, class ii used inccorectly (EKG and CLASS I (cause harm defibrillator)

Drug Schedules

• SCHEDULE one (high potential for abuse, drugs used, schedule II abuse, schdeules ii potential, lower schedule V for potential to reshedulled, distribution
• Class 1 have no currently. accepted medical abuse with herion
• Class 1 have limited or for dependence

Possession and Distribution

• Possession (when a person knows of its presence and has physical control of it)is the action by an .person sell. What a legal point in both the medical legal field? Euthanasia v Letal in injection
• with both. and .

Euthanasia vs. Lethal Injection

Euthanasia

• euthanasia is deliberate intervention undertaken with intention of ending a Life relieve tractable suffering and involves physician administering drugs to. difference ( physician give to bring action)
• Voluntary (conducted without sent a in the)
• Injection for the with method being a where as where injectin
• Believing in action and trained people refused

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Cannabis in Minors

• Support- alleviates pain; however can have significant.

Neede Exchange

• Intravenous syringe access ( public support health with in order.
• Harms from