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Questions and Answers
What is the outcome when alcohol undergoes intermolecular dehydration at lower temperatures?
What is the outcome when alcohol undergoes intermolecular dehydration at lower temperatures?
- Formation of a carboxylic acid
- Production of an alkene
- Creation of an ether (correct)
- Synthesis of an aldehyde
Which of the following best describes an elimination reaction involving alcohols?
Which of the following best describes an elimination reaction involving alcohols?
- Increased number of C-H bonds in the product
- Formation of a single compound from two reactants
- Removal of two groups leading to a multiple bond (correct)
- Addition of groups leading to a saturated compound
What is a characteristic of organic oxidation related to alcohols?
What is a characteristic of organic oxidation related to alcohols?
- Formation of ethers
- Increase in the number of C-H bonds
- Decrease in the number of C-H bonds (correct)
- Decreased molecular weight
Which of the following substances can act as a mild oxidizing agent for primary and secondary alcohols?
Which of the following substances can act as a mild oxidizing agent for primary and secondary alcohols?
Which step in the halogenation of alcohols involves substituting a halogen atom for a hydroxyl group?
Which step in the halogenation of alcohols involves substituting a halogen atom for a hydroxyl group?
What is the primary factor that influences the boiling point of alcohols?
What is the primary factor that influences the boiling point of alcohols?
Which of the following tests is specifically used to differentiate between aldehydes and ketones?
Which of the following tests is specifically used to differentiate between aldehydes and ketones?
What reaction occurs during intramolecular alcohol dehydration?
What reaction occurs during intramolecular alcohol dehydration?
How does the solubility of alcohols in water change with the length of the carbon chain?
How does the solubility of alcohols in water change with the length of the carbon chain?
Which of the following describes the combustion reaction of alcohols?
Which of the following describes the combustion reaction of alcohols?
What is the purpose of the Lucas Test in the context of alcohol classification?
What is the purpose of the Lucas Test in the context of alcohol classification?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the physical properties of alcohols?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the physical properties of alcohols?
What kind of reaction is ester formation from alcohols classified as?
What kind of reaction is ester formation from alcohols classified as?
What is the physical state of C1 and C2 aldehydes at room temperature?
What is the physical state of C1 and C2 aldehydes at room temperature?
Which factor causes aldehydes and ketones to have higher boiling points than alkanes?
Which factor causes aldehydes and ketones to have higher boiling points than alkanes?
What is the water solubility characteristic of aldehydes and ketones with six or more carbon atoms?
What is the water solubility characteristic of aldehydes and ketones with six or more carbon atoms?
Which oxidizing agent is commonly used in the oxidation of aldehydes and ketones?
Which oxidizing agent is commonly used in the oxidation of aldehydes and ketones?
Hemiacetal formation is classified as what type of reaction?
Hemiacetal formation is classified as what type of reaction?
What type of reaction leads to acetal formation from a hemiacetal?
What type of reaction leads to acetal formation from a hemiacetal?
What is the characteristic odor of higher molecular mass aldehydes (above C8)?
What is the characteristic odor of higher molecular mass aldehydes (above C8)?
What is a common reducing agent used in the reduction of aldehydes and ketones?
What is a common reducing agent used in the reduction of aldehydes and ketones?
What is the purpose of adding distilled water in the solubility test of alcohols?
What is the purpose of adding distilled water in the solubility test of alcohols?
Which step is NOT involved in the preparation of esters using the procedure described?
Which step is NOT involved in the preparation of esters using the procedure described?
What indicates that an alcohol is miscible with water during the solubility test?
What indicates that an alcohol is miscible with water during the solubility test?
In the ester formation process, what role does concentrated sulfuric acid play?
In the ester formation process, what role does concentrated sulfuric acid play?
What is the correct temperature to maintain for the water bath during ester formation?
What is the correct temperature to maintain for the water bath during ester formation?
What must be done after heating the test tube in the water bath during ester formation?
What must be done after heating the test tube in the water bath during ester formation?
What components are combined to produce esters according to the provided procedure?
What components are combined to produce esters according to the provided procedure?
What indicates the need to continue adding distilled water during the solubility test?
What indicates the need to continue adding distilled water during the solubility test?
What is the correct volume ratio of Fehling's A to Fehling's B when preparing Fehling’s reagent?
What is the correct volume ratio of Fehling's A to Fehling's B when preparing Fehling’s reagent?
Which component is NOT used in the preparation of Fehling’s B?
Which component is NOT used in the preparation of Fehling’s B?
What is the correct order of steps to prepare acidic potassium dichromate for oxidizing alcohols?
What is the correct order of steps to prepare acidic potassium dichromate for oxidizing alcohols?
What is the appropriate observation period for Fehling’s test?
What is the appropriate observation period for Fehling’s test?
What is a significant hazard associated with using concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) during the experiment?
What is a significant hazard associated with using concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) during the experiment?
What is an important precaution to take while using Tollens’ reagent?
What is an important precaution to take while using Tollens’ reagent?
During the Lucas Test, what should be observed to indicate a positive result?
During the Lucas Test, what should be observed to indicate a positive result?
What is the first step in the Iodoform test?
What is the first step in the Iodoform test?
How should the acidic potassium dichromate solution be handled during the oxidation of alcohols?
How should the acidic potassium dichromate solution be handled during the oxidation of alcohols?
What happens if excess ammonia is added during the preparation of Tollens’ reagent?
What happens if excess ammonia is added during the preparation of Tollens’ reagent?
What temperature should the water bath be maintained at during the oxidation process of alcohols?
What temperature should the water bath be maintained at during the oxidation process of alcohols?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test?
What is the purpose of adding DNP reagent in the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test?
What is the purpose of adding DNP reagent in the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test?
What indicates a positive result in the Iodoform test?
What indicates a positive result in the Iodoform test?
What should be noted about the preparation of the DNP reagent?
What should be noted about the preparation of the DNP reagent?
What is a common characteristic of highly corrosive substances like ZnCl2 used in the experiments?
What is a common characteristic of highly corrosive substances like ZnCl2 used in the experiments?
Which of the following correctly describes an oxidation reaction in organic chemistry?
Which of the following correctly describes an oxidation reaction in organic chemistry?
What distinguishes aldehydes from ketones in terms of oxidation?
What distinguishes aldehydes from ketones in terms of oxidation?
Which of the following statements about the Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test is true?
Which of the following statements about the Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test is true?
Which oxidizing agent is specifically mentioned as capable of oxidizing aldehydes to carboxylic acids?
Which oxidizing agent is specifically mentioned as capable of oxidizing aldehydes to carboxylic acids?
In the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test, what does a positive result indicate?
In the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test, what does a positive result indicate?
When comparing the oxidation of secondary alcohols to that of primary alcohols, which statement is accurate?
When comparing the oxidation of secondary alcohols to that of primary alcohols, which statement is accurate?
What is a characteristic of the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test?
What is a characteristic of the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test?
Which of the following correctly identifies a characteristic reaction of ketones?
Which of the following correctly identifies a characteristic reaction of ketones?
Which statement accurately describes the solubility of alcohols in water as the carbon chain length increases?
Which statement accurately describes the solubility of alcohols in water as the carbon chain length increases?
What mechanism primarily describes the formation of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols?
What mechanism primarily describes the formation of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols?
Which type of alcohol does the Lucas Test fail to categorize?
Which type of alcohol does the Lucas Test fail to categorize?
What can be concluded about the odor of esters formed from acetic acid and specific alcohols?
What can be concluded about the odor of esters formed from acetic acid and specific alcohols?
What is the primary observation to indicate a positive result during the Lucas Test?
What is the primary observation to indicate a positive result during the Lucas Test?
Which reaction categorizes aldehydes and ketones following the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test?
Which reaction categorizes aldehydes and ketones following the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test?
Which equation best represents the oxidation of alcohols using acidic potassium dichromate?
Which equation best represents the oxidation of alcohols using acidic potassium dichromate?
What role does the carbocation play in the Lucas Test?
What role does the carbocation play in the Lucas Test?
What classifies the reaction producing esters as a condensation process?
What classifies the reaction producing esters as a condensation process?
What is the primary characteristic of the reaction involved in the Iodoform Test?
What is the primary characteristic of the reaction involved in the Iodoform Test?
Flashcards
Hydroxyl-containing Compounds
Hydroxyl-containing Compounds
Compounds containing the hydroxyl functional group (-OH).
Carbonyl-containing Compounds
Carbonyl-containing Compounds
Compounds containing the carbonyl functional group (C=O).
Alcohol Classification
Alcohol Classification
Alcohols are classified based on the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group.
Aldehyde vs. Ketone
Aldehyde vs. Ketone
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Alcohol Boiling Point
Alcohol Boiling Point
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Alcohol Water Solubility
Alcohol Water Solubility
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Alcohol Combustion
Alcohol Combustion
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Intramolecular Alcohol Dehydration
Intramolecular Alcohol Dehydration
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Organic Oxidation
Organic Oxidation
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Alcohol Oxidation (agents)
Alcohol Oxidation (agents)
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Alcohol Halogenation
Alcohol Halogenation
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Aldehyde Boiling Point
Aldehyde Boiling Point
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Ketone Boiling Point
Ketone Boiling Point
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Aldehyde Water Solubility
Aldehyde Water Solubility
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Ketone Water Solubility
Ketone Water Solubility
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Aldehyde Odor
Aldehyde Odor
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Ketone Odor
Ketone Odor
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Aldehyde Oxidation
Aldehyde Oxidation
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Ketone Oxidation
Ketone Oxidation
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Solubility Test
Solubility Test
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Homogenous Dispersion
Homogenous Dispersion
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Ester Formation
Ester Formation
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What is the catalyst for Ester Formation?
What is the catalyst for Ester Formation?
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Water Bath
Water Bath
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Lucas Test
Lucas Test
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Lucas Reagent
Lucas Reagent
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Alkyl Halides
Alkyl Halides
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Fehling's Test
Fehling's Test
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Tollen's Test
Tollen's Test
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What is Fehling's A?
What is Fehling's A?
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What is Fehling's B?
What is Fehling's B?
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How is Fehling's reagent prepared?
How is Fehling's reagent prepared?
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How does the Fehling's test work?
How does the Fehling's test work?
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How does Tollen's test work?
How does Tollen's test work?
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What makes Tollen's reagent?
What makes Tollen's reagent?
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Oxidation of Alcohols
Oxidation of Alcohols
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Acidic Potassium Dichromate
Acidic Potassium Dichromate
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2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test
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DNP Reagent
DNP Reagent
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Color Change in Oxidation
Color Change in Oxidation
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Precipitate Formation
Precipitate Formation
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2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test (DNP Test)
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test (DNP Test)
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Organic Reduction
Organic Reduction
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What are some common oxidizing agents?
What are some common oxidizing agents?
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How do aldehydes and ketones react with oxidation?
How do aldehydes and ketones react with oxidation?
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What is Tollens' Test?
What is Tollens' Test?
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What's a positive result in Tollens' Test?
What's a positive result in Tollens' Test?
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What is the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP) Test?
What is the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP) Test?
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What is a precipitate?
What is a precipitate?
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Study Notes
Prayer Before Class
- Holy Spirit, Divine Creator, true source of light and wisdom
- Pour forth your brilliance, dispel darkness of sin and ignorance
- Grant a penetrating mind to understand
- Grant a retentive memory and ease of learning
- Guide the beginning and progress of work, to successful completion
- Ask through Jesus Christ, true God and man, forever and always
- Amen
Activity 4: Classification Tests for Hydroxyl- and Carbonyl-containing Compounds
- Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Laboratory
Unit Intended Learning Outcome
- Distinguish compounds as hydroxyl or carbonyl containing
- Differentiate the three types of alcohols
- Differentiate aldehydes from ketones
- Illustrate chemical equations involved in different reactions
- Explain mechanisms involved in differentiating tests
Topic Outline
- Properties of Alcohol, Ketones, and Aldehydes
- Laboratory Procedures
- Solubility of Alcohols in Water
- Ester Formation
- Lucas Test
- Oxidation of Alcohols using Acidic Potassium Dichromate
- 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test
- Fehling's Test
- Tollens' Silver Mirror Test
- Iodoform Test
Physical Properties of Alcohols
- Depend on whether the polar or nonpolar portion dominates
- Determining factors:
- Length of nonpolar carbon chain
- Number of polar hydroxyl groups
- Boiling point increases as length of carbon chain increases, as number of hydroxyl groups increases
- Water Solubility increases until 3 carbons, then rapidly decreases
Chemical Properties of Alcohols
- Combustion: Alcohol + O2 → CO2 + Water
- Intramolecular Alcohol Dehydration:
- chemical reaction in which the components of water are removed from a single reactant or two reactants
- conditions: 180°C temperature, sulfuric acid (catalyst)
- Intermolecular Alcohol Dehydration:
- at lower temperature (140 °C) , intermolecular process to produce an ether
- Oxidation:
- Set of operational rules for organic redox
- Organic oxidation increases number of C-O bonds, decreases number of C-H bonds
- Organic reduction decreases number of C-O bonds, increases number of C-H bonds
- Primary and secondary alcohols readily undergo oxidation in presence of mild oxidizing agents
- Oxidizing agents: potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, chromic acid
- Primary alcohol → aldehyde → carboxylic acid
- Secondary alcohol → ketone
- Tertiary alcohol → no reaction
- Halogenation: halogen atom substituted for hydroxyl group, producing alkyl halide
- Source of halogen atoms: PBr3, PCl3
- Heat is required
- Results in the formation of an alkyl halide
Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Oxidation:
- Aldehyde → carboxylic acid
- Ketone → no reaction
- Reduction:
- Aldehyde → primary alcohol
- Ketone → secondary alcohol
Procedures for Characteristic Reactions of Hydrocarbons
- Refer to pages 55-60 for materials and specific procedure.
Materials Needed
- 250 mL beakers
- Test tubes, with screw caps
- Pipettes
- Hot plate
- Colorless vials
- Test tube holder
- Test tube brush
- Spatula
- Glass dropper
A. Solubility of Alcohols in Water
- 10 drops of each alcohol sample into separate test tubes
- 1 mL of distilled water dropwise to each test tube
- Shake mixture thoroughly
- If cloudy, continue adding distilled water 10 drops at a time with vigorous shaking until producing a homogeneous dispersion
- Note down results
- If no cloudiness forms after Step 2, alcohol is miscible with water
B. Ester Formation
- Place 10 drops of carboxylic acid and 10 drops of alcohol into test tube
- Add 4 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid to the test tube
- Pour 150 mL of tap water into a 250mL beaker
- Place test tubes in beaker of tap water, and heat water on hot plate to 60°C
- Leave test tubes in water bath for 15 minutes
- Cool test tubes by immersing in another beaker of cold water
- Add 5 mL of distilled water to the test tube
- Carefully note the odor of the ester formed (by holding the test tube 30 cm from your nose, gently waft vapor towards your nose). Compare observed odor to the odor of the ester in the table.
C. Lucas Test
- Place 2-3 drops of each alcohol into separate test tubes with screw caps
- Add 1mL of Lucas reagent to the test tube
- Cap the test tube and shake vigorously
- Allow to stand at room temperature
- Observe the rate of formation of a cloudy suspension or 2 layers
D. Oxidation of Alcohols using Acidic Potassium Dichromate
- Dissolve 3g of K2Cr2O7 in 80 mL of distilled water.
- Slowly add 10 mL of concentrated H2SO4 to the solution, stirring and cooling
- Place 2 drops of each alcohol sample into separate test tubes
- Add 5 drops of acidic K2Cr2O7 solution, one drop at a time, while shaking mixture
- Place test tubes in a beaker containing 150 mL of tap water and heat the water on a hot plate to 60°C
- Leave test tubes in water bath for 5 minutes
- Note the color of each solution
E. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test
- Dissolve 3 g of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in 15 mL of concentrated H2SO4
- Slowly add the solution to mixture of 20 mL water and 75 mL of 95% ethanol, stirring
- Place 2 drops of each sample in separate test tubes
- Add 3 drops of DNP reagent to each test tube and shake
- Observe if a yellow or orange-red precipitate is formed
- If not, allow the solution to stand for 15 minutes
F. Fehling's Test
- Prepare Fehling's A (7g copper sulfate pentahydrate dissolved in 100 mL distilled water)
- Prepare Fehling's B ( 35g potassium sodium tartrate and 10g NaOH dissolved in 100 mL distilled water)
- Mix equal parts of Fehling's A and B
- Prepare 4 test tubes with 1 mL of freshly prepared Fehling's reagent
- Add 3 drops of each sample to the test tubes
- Place the tubes in a beaker of boiling water and observe changes (10-15 mins)
- Avoid excessive heating and record observation
G. Tollens' Silver Mirror Test
- Mix 2 mL of 5% AgNO3 and 2 drops of 5% NaOH
- Add drop by drop, 2% NH4OH while stirring, to dissolve precipitate (until ammonia is added, the test will not work properly)
- Prepare 4 test tubes with 1 mL of freshly prepared Tollens' reagent
- Add 2 drops of each sample separately to the test tube
- Shake gently and observe the mixture for 10 minutes
- If no reaction, place test tube in a beaker of 35-50°C warm water for 5 minutes and record observation
- Dispose of reagent (neutralize with nitric acid)
H. Iodoform Test
- Place 2 drops of each sample in separate test tubes
- Add 20 drops of 10% KI solution followed by 20 drops of fresh NaOCI solution.
- Shake gently until mixing
- Observe for yellow precipitate
References
- Bettelheim, F. A., Brown, M. K., Campbell, S. O., Farrell, O. and Torres, (2021). Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry
- (12th ed.) Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning
End of Discussion
- Questions are welcome
Prayer After Class
- Grant a mind to know God, a heart to seek God
- Wisdom to find God and conduct pleasing to God for faithful perseverance and a hope of embracing God
- Amen
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Description
Test your knowledge on the reactions involving alcohols, including intermolecular dehydration and elimination reactions. Explore characteristics of organic oxidation and the halogenation process related to alcohols. This quiz will challenge your understanding of fundamental organic chemistry concepts.
