Alcohol, Phenol & Ether Class XII Exam Prep

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Questions and Answers

What are the primary types of alcohol mentioned in the content?

Monohydric alcohol and phenol.

What is the focus of electrophilic substitution reactions related to phenols?

Electrophilic substitution reactions focus on altering the phenolic structure through the addition of electrophiles.

How are ethers categorized according to the content?

Ethers are categorized as a type of alcohol.

Name one method of preparing ether as suggested in the content.

One method of preparing ether is through the dehydration of alcohol. Signup and view all the answers

What does the IUPAC nomenclature refer to in the context provided?

IUPAC nomenclature refers to the systematic naming of chemical compounds. Signup and view all the answers

Identify one oxidation reaction mentioned that involves phenols.

One oxidation reaction involving phenols is their conversion to quinones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Lucas test in relation to alcohols?

The Lucas test is significant for distinguishing between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reaction type associated with benzene derivatives in the context?

The primary reaction type associated is Friedel-Crafts reaction. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Phenol

A type of organic compound that contains a hydroxyl (-OH) group directly bonded to a benzene ring.

Alcohol

A type of organic compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a saturated carbon atom.

Ether

A type of organic compound where an oxygen atom links two alkyl or aryl groups.

Substitution Reaction

A reaction that involves replacing an atom or group of atoms in a molecule with another atom or group of atoms.

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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

A type of substitution reaction where an electrophile attacks a benzene ring, leading to the replacement of a hydrogen atom.

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Addition Reaction

A reaction in which a hydrocarbon reacts with a reagent to form an adduct.

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Oxidation Reaction

A type of reaction that involves the addition of oxygen atoms to a molecule.

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Study Notes

Alcohol, Phenol & Ether

Class XII Board Exam Notes
Verified by top faculties and CBSE science toppers
Target 100
Previous year questions
Updated syllabus

Flow Chart

Preparation: Alcohol, Phenol
Physical Properties: Boiling point, Solubility
Reaction of Alcohol: Electrophilic substitution reactions (Kolbe's, Reimer-Tiemann), Oxidation
Reaction of Phenol: Electrophilic substitution reactions (Kolbe's, Reimer-Tiemann), Oxidation
Reaction of Ether: Preparation of ethers, ESR of Anisole, Halogenation, Friedel Crafts reaction, conversions, Lucas test
Types of Monohydric Alcohols: IUPAC Nomenclature
Alcohol, Phenol, and Ether: Various reactions

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Monohydric Alcohols: Compounds containing C-sp³-OH bonds
Primary Alcohol: R-CH₂-OH
Secondary Alcohol: R-CH(OH)-R'
Tertiary Alcohol: R-C(OH)(R')(R")
Benzylic Alcohols: Carbon next to benzene
Allylic Alcohols: Carbon next to double bond
IUPAC Nomenclature: Longest carbon chain, numbered nearest to hydroxyl (-OH). Examples: Methanol (methyl alcohol), 2-Methylpropan-2-ol (tert-Butyl alcohol), Propan-2-ol (Isopropyl alcohol)
Benzylic Alcohols: Group of compounds with -OH group attached to a carbon adjacent to an aromatic ring
Allylic Alcohols: group of compounds with -OH group attached to a carbon adjacent to a double bond

IUPAC Nomenclature of Phenols

Phenol: Benzene-1-ol
Cresol: Methylphenol (o-, m-, or p-)
Catechol: Benzene-1, 2-diol
Resorcinol: Benzene-1,3-diol
Quinol (Hydroquinone): Benzene-1,4-diol
Picric Acid: 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol
2,5-Dinitrophenol: A specific type of phenol

IUPAC Nomenclature of Ethers

Common name: Alkyl groups separately, then "ether"
Examples: Dimethyl ether, Methyl n-propyl ether, Methoxy benzene (anisole)

Preparation of Alcohols

Acid-catalyzed hydration: From alkenes, using H₂O and H⁺
Hydroboration-oxidation method: From alkenes, using BH₃ and H₂O₂

Preparation of Phenol

From haloarenes
From benzenesulfonic acid
From diazonium salts
Cumene hydroperoxide method

Preparation of Ethers

By dehydration of alcohols: CH₃CH₂OH → CH₃CH₂OCH₂CH₃
Williamson Synthesis: Alkyl halide + Sodium alkoxide → ether

Reactions of Alcohol, Phenol, and Ether

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Oxidation
Halogenation
Friedel Crafts Reaction
Nitration
Kolbe's Reaction
Reimer-Tiemann Reaction
Phenol with Zn dust
Phenol to toluene

Boiling Point and Solubility

Boiling points generally increase with the number of carbon atoms
Alcohols and phenols have higher boiling points compared to hydrocarbons due to hydrogen bonding
Solubility in water: due to hydrogen bonding ability
Solubility decreases as the alkyl/aryl groups increase in size