Alcohol Misuse and Addiction Quiz

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What was the largest two-year increase in per capita consumption of ethanol since 1969?

63 percent of U.S. adults reported drinking over 2021-2022

5.5 percent increase from 2.38 gallons in 2019 to 2.51 gallons in 2021

2.9 percent increase from 2.44 gallons in 2020 to 2.51 gallons in 2021

5.9 percent increase from 2.37 gallons in 1967 to 2.51 gallons in 1969 (correct)

What percentage of people ages 18 or older reported drinking alcohol in the past month according to the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health?

63%

86.4%

56.0% (correct)

70.1%

Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a factor that contributed to the increase in alcohol use after the late 1990s?

Enhanced alcohol marketing

New products to initiate nondrinkers (correct)

Increases in female drinking

Cocktails in a can

What was the pandemic's impact on per capita consumption of ethanol in 2021 compared to 2020?

A 2.9 percent increase from 2.44 gallons in 2020 to 2.51 gallons in 2021 Signup and view all the answers

What was the overall trend in alcohol use in the U.S. over 2021-2022 according to the text?

63% of U.S. adults reported drinking over 2021-2022 Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum alcohol content typically produced through fermentation?

15% Signup and view all the answers

Which beverage is produced from fermented grapes?

Wine Signup and view all the answers

What are the two byproducts of glucose metabolism during fermentation?

Carbon dioxide and ethanol Signup and view all the answers

Which property of alcohol molecules allows them to be absorbed in the small intestine?

They are both hydrophilic and lipophilic Signup and view all the answers

What is the only form of alcohol that can be safely consumed?

Ethyl alcohol (ETOH) Signup and view all the answers

In which century did distilled alcohol become widespread in Europe?

16th-18th centuries Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of female 21st birthday drinkers reported consuming more than 21 drinks?

22% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of alcohol consumption mentioned in the text?

Increased body temperature Signup and view all the answers

What level of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is associated with potential serious medical outcomes, according to the text?

0.26 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about acetaminophen (e.g., Tylenol) and alcohol consumption is true, according to the text?

Alcohol use increases certain liver enzymes that convert acetaminophen into a toxic substance. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects of alcohol on the frontal lobe of the brain?

Loss of behavioral inhibition and impulse control Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of alcohol consumption?

Deficiency of B-complex vitamins Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the syndrome characterized by severe loss of memory for both long and short-term information?

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of alcohol consumption?

Improved endocrine gland function Signup and view all the answers

According to the statistics mentioned, approximately what percentage of alcohol-attributable deaths occurred among adults aged 20 to 64 years during the 2015-2019 study period?

64% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential physical symptom of alcohol consumption?

Facial swelling and redness, especially in the nose Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what happened to death rates involving alcohol during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020?

They increased compared to 2019, including among adults aged 20 to 64 years Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a reason why humans drink alcohol?

Alcohol is a legal substance that is readily available Signup and view all the answers

What genetic mutation helped humans develop the ability to drink alcohol without being poisoned?

A mutation that increased alcohol metabolism 40-fold Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about alcohol consumption in ancient times is TRUE?

Fermented drinks like beer and wine had relatively low alcohol content Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the shift from social drinking to more isolated drinking during the industrial revolution?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol consumption in Italy?

Alcohol is consumed mostly during meals with others Signup and view all the answers

What does the passage suggest about the relationship between pub-going and happiness?

People who go to pubs regularly tend to have more friends, which contributes to happiness Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between alcohol consumption in the past and present, according to the passage?

Drinking was more often a social activity in the past Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what factor contributed to the rise of distilled spirits with higher alcohol content?

Advances in distillation technology Signup and view all the answers

What does the passage suggest is a potential harm of solitary drinking?

It is associated with lower psychological health Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what was the response to the peak in per capita alcohol use in the early 1980s?

The passage does not mention a response Signup and view all the answers

What factor may contribute to the low treatment prevalence among individuals with moderate to severe AUD?

Little formal links between medical presentation, screening, and connection to treatment providers Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the additional risk factors mentioned that is correlated with higher rates of substance problems?

Stress, especially within the family; economic stress Signup and view all the answers

Why do only 20-25% of individuals with moderate to severe AUD receive treatment?

Treatment is often sought very late in the disorder’s emergence Signup and view all the answers

What may explain the proliferation of private, for-profit 'rehab centers'?

Lack of well-trained clinicians in screening for AUDs/SUDs Signup and view all the answers

What influences how people use substances and how they think about substance users?

Permissiveness and expectations of reward/punishment Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is mentioned as contributing to stigma around patients with AUDs?

Public perception of addiction as a choice rather than a disease Signup and view all the answers

Why do many individuals with moderate to severe AUD not receive treatment according to the passage?

'Rehab centers' are sought very late in the disorder’s emergence Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is identified as potentially impacting the uptake of treatment for AUD?

'Rehab centers' not being well-trained in screening for AUDs/SUDs Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation behind Portugal's decision to decriminalize all drugs in 2001?

To address the massive crisis associated with illicit drug addiction Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what was a significant consequence of Portugal's decriminalization of drugs in the years following 2001?

Large reductions in HIV and drug-related crime through the mid-2010s Signup and view all the answers

What factor is cited as contributing to the diminishing gains of Portugal's drug policy in recent years?

A decline in the motivation of police to register people who misuse drugs Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what was a consequence of Portugal's decision to decentralize its drug oversight operation in 2012?

A reduction in the funding allocated to addressing drug-related issues Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what can be inferred about the trend in drug use in Portugal since the decriminalization in 2001?

Drug use has increased, with the percentage of adults using illicit drugs rising above pre-decriminalization levels Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what was a notable outcome of a randomized controlled trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2009?

A 67% reduction in street heroin use among participants receiving prescription heroin compared to those receiving methadone Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the availability of buprenorphine, a medication used to treat opioid addiction, based on the information provided?

The availability of buprenorphine has increased across most states over the past decade, but cannot keep pace with the need for opioid addiction treatment Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the experience of Oregon's decriminalization of drugs since 2020, based on the information provided?

Oregon has faced similar problems to those experienced by Portugal after decriminalizing drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which repeated alcohol consumption reinforces drinking behavior, according to the text?

Activation of the basal ganglia's reward system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of the negative feelings associated with alcohol withdrawal, according to the text?

Diminished activation in the reward systems of the basal ganglia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of alcohol on the 'incentive salience' circuits, according to the text?

It activates the reward circuits and engages the incentive salience circuits. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason a person experiencing alcohol withdrawal feels that alcohol is needed for temporary relief, according to the text?

The person experiences a combination of physical and emotional withdrawal symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the 'cues' associated with drinking, according to the text?

They activate the reward circuits and engage the incentive salience circuits. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of a diminished activation in the reward systems of the basal ganglia, according to the text?

It makes it difficult for people to experience the pleasures of everyday living. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the emotional symptoms experienced during alcohol withdrawal, according to the text?

They lead to the person feeling that alcohol is needed for temporary relief from discomfort and emotional pain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the physical withdrawal symptoms experienced during alcohol withdrawal, according to the text?

They lead to the person feeling that alcohol is needed for temporary relief from discomfort and emotional pain. Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the primary factor that accounts for the severity of alcohol use?

Genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the ALDH2 gene is true?

Carriers of the ALDH2*2 allele experience flushing, headache, and nausea when drinking alcohol. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "polygenic transmission" refer to in the context of alcohol use disorders?

The inheritance of multiple genes that collectively contribute to the risk of developing an alcohol use disorder. Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the relationship between low sensitivity to alcohol and the risk of developing an alcohol use disorder?

Individuals with low sensitivity to alcohol are more likely to develop an alcohol use disorder. Signup and view all the answers

According to the heritability estimates mentioned in the passage, what is the approximate range of the genetic contribution to alcohol use disorders?

40-64% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the concordance rates of alcohol use disorders in twins is true?

Concordance rates are approximately 50% in identical twins and 30% in fraternal twins. Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the relationship between family history and sensitivity to alcohol?

Individuals with a family history of alcohol use disorders show lower sensitivity to alcohol. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the genetic contribution to alcohol use disorders is true, based on the information provided in the passage?

Genetic factors primarily contribute to the severity of alcohol use disorders. Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what are the three stages involved in the cycle of substance use disorders (SUDs) or addiction?

<ol> <li>Incentive Salience, 2) Negative Emotional States, 3) Executive Function Deficits</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, which brain region is primarily associated with the 'incentive salience' stage of the addiction cycle?

Basal ganglia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the temporal progression of the addiction cycle described in the passage?

The cycle can start at any of the three stages, and the stages can occur in any order. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following brain regions is primarily associated with the 'negative emotional states' stage of the addiction cycle?

Extended amygdala Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the three stages of the addiction cycle?

Each stage is linked to and feeds on the others, creating a self-perpetuating cycle. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which brain region is primarily associated with the 'executive function' stage of the addiction cycle?

Prefrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following statements best describes the potential long-term effects of alcohol consumption on brain structure and function?

Alcohol consumption can cause progressive changes in brain structure and function, which can endure even after a person stops drinking. Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the brain changes caused by alcohol consumption and the development of substance use disorders (SUDs) or addiction?

The brain changes caused by alcohol consumption can facilitate the transition from controlled, occasional use to chronic misuse, which can be difficult to control. Signup and view all the answers