11 Questions
What was the age of Einstein when he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss federal polytechnic school?
17
What was Einstein's occupation in 1903?
Patent clerk at the Swiss Patent Office
Where did Einstein move to in 1914?
Berlin
What was Einstein's citizenship status in 1901?
Swiss citizen
In what year did Einstein submit his PhD dissertation to the University of Zurich?
1905
What type of vector is constructed using the c function with elements specified in quotes?
Character vector
What is the purpose of using T and F in input for logical vectors?
To provide a convenient abbreviation for TRUE and FALSE
What is the most common way to create vectors of more than one logical value?
Using relational expressions
What is the typical use of single logical values in R?
To turn an option on or off in a function call
Why are double quotes used throughout the book?
To prevent mistakes with the acute accent key
What is the purpose of the c function in R?
To construct vectors of different types
Study Notes
Early Life and Education
- Born in the German Empire
- Moved to Switzerland in 1895 and gave up German citizenship the following year
- Enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss federal polytechnic school in Zürich in 1897 at the age of 17
- Graduated in 1900
- Acquired Swiss citizenship in 1901, which he kept for the rest of his life
Career
- Secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern in 1903
- Submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the University of Zurich in 1905
- Moved to Berlin in 1914 to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin
- Became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in 1917
- Became a German citizen again in 1917 as a subject of the Kingdom of Prussia
Vector Types
- There are three types of vectors in R: numeric, character, and logical.
Character Vectors
- A character vector is a vector of text strings.
- Elements of a character vector are specified and printed in quotes.
- Quotes can be single- or double-quote symbols, as long as the left quote is the same as the right quote.
- Avoid using the acute accent key (´), which is present on some keyboards.
- Double quotes are used throughout this book to prevent mistakes.
Logical Vectors
- A logical vector can take the value TRUE, FALSE, or NA.
- In input, you can use the convenient abbreviations T and F (if you are careful not to redefine them).
- Logical vectors are constructed using the c function.
- Logical vectors are often used to turn an option on or off in a function call.
- Vectors of more than one value often result from relational expressions.
Relational Expressions
- Relational expressions are used to create logical vectors with more than one value.
- An example of a relational expression is
bmi > 25, which returns a logical vector with multiple values. - Relational expressions are used in conditional selection, discussed in Section 1.2.12.
Learn about the early life and career of Albert Einstein, from his move to Switzerland to his education and patent office job. Explore the fascinating life of this brilliant physicist.
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