الأمراض العصبية

Neurological Disease

• The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
• The CNS consists of the brain, brain stem, and cerebellum.
• The peripheral nervous system includes the spinal cord (31 segments).
• The brain is made up of two cerebral hemispheres (right and left), each with many lobes containing various centers and tracts.
• Frontal lobe: responsible for personality, emotional control, social behavior, and motor control. It also contains micturition centers.
• Parietal lobe: involved in language (speech), calculation, visual spatial skills, constructional memory, and somatic sensation. It contains the optic tract.
• Temporal lobe: responsible for auditory processing, verbal memory, and smell.
• Occipital lobe: processes visual information.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

• The brain stem is comprised of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
• The brain stem contains all sensory and motor pathways for cranial nerves (except 1 and 2), respiratory centers, and conscious centers.

Brain Stem

• The brain stem connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord and contains the nuclei of various cranial nerves.
• It plays a vital role in controlling several essential functions.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord, and with cranial nerves, together form the PNS.

Cerebral Hemispheres

• Each hemisphere is composed of many lobes.
• These lobes contain centers relevant to various functions, and tracts for motor and sensory input.
• Some key lobes and their functions are described in the CNS section.

Astereognosis and Agraphaesthesia

• Astereognosis is the inability to recognize objects by touch.
• Agraphaesthesia is the inability to recognize letters or numbers drawn on the hand.

Basal Ganglia

• The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei within the brain that are involved in the control of movement.
• The basal ganglia have various functions in motor control.
• The basal ganglia's function is related to the control of movement and muscle tone.

Cerebellum

• The cerebellum is composed of two halves (hemispheres) and a central part (vermis), along with a flocculonodular lobe.
• It plays a crucial role in coordinating body movements (including balance).
• The cerebellum also helps coordinate eye and ear functions.

Spinal Cord

• The spinal cord is structured in 31 segments, that ends at the level of L1.
• It has both gray and white matter.
• Gray matter contains motor (anterior horn) and sensory (posterior horn) nuclei, coordinating reflexes.
• White matter contains tracts for ascending and descending nerve signals, keeping the spinal cord stable.

Functional Neurology

• Functional neurology is the study of how various parts of the brain and nervous system work together to produce functions.

Motor System

• The motor system is composed of pyramidal tracts (voluntary movement) and extrapyramidal tracts (involuntary movement).
• Corticospinal tract: responsible for voluntary movements Corticobulbar tract: responsible for voluntary movements of the head and neck
• Spinal nerves and cranial nerves, connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles in the body.

Sensory System

• The sensory system is divided into sensory modalities.
• Dorsal column: Fine touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception.
• Anterolateral: Crude touch, pressure, pain, temperature, tickle, itch, and sexual sensations.
• The sensory system is an important part of how the body processes and responds to its environment.
• Sensory pathways carry sensory information (like pain and pressure) from the body to the brain for processing.

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

• Brain supplied by arteries (carotid and vertebral/basilar)
• Carotid system: supplies cerebral hemisphere
• Vertebral/basilar system: supplies brain stem and cerebellum.
• Each artery supplies specific parts of the brain (e.g., frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, etc.)

Motor System Lesions and Neurological Defects

• Distinguish Upper Motor Neuron (UMNL) and Lower Motor Neuron (LMNL) lesions.
• UMN lesions result in spasticity, increased muscle tone, hyperreflexia, and pathological reflexes (e.g., Babinski sign).
• LMNL lesions result in flaccidity, decreased muscle tone, hyporeflexia, and fasciculations.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

• MS is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system.
• MS often involves various symptoms, including vision problems (optic neuritis), numbness, and weakness in limbs.

Motor Neuron Disease (MND)

• Progressive neurological disorder.
• Cranial nerve, anterior horn cells, and pyramidal tract loss/damage
• Symptoms: weakness, muscle wasting, fasciculations, and speech problems.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

• Inflammatory disorder leading to peripheral nerve demyelination.
• Symptoms: ascending muscle weakness, sensory disturbances, and dysfunction in cranial nerves.

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

• Neuromuscular junction disorder.
• Causes: Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors.
• Symptoms: fluctuating muscle weakness (worsening during the day).

Cerebellar Lesions and Ataxia

• Describe features of a cerebellar lesion, including ataxia (uncoordinated movements) and abnormal eye movements.

Cranial Nerve Involvement

• Cranial nerves have functions in diverse parts of the body.
• Different cranial nerve conditions can lead to various neurological symptoms.

Benign Intracranial Hypertension (BIH)

• Increased intracranial pressure (ICP).
• Symptoms: Headache, transient diplopia, papilledema.
• Associated with obese women.

Epilepsy

• Characterized by recurrent seizures.
• Types: partial, generalized (tonic-clonic).
• Treatment: Anti-epileptic drugs (AED).

Status Epilepticus

• Prolonged seizure activity.
• Requires rapid treatment to prevent severe complications.

Meningitis

• Inflammation of the meninges (membranes surrounding brain/spinal cord).
• Bacterial and viral causes are common.

Headache

• Categorize and describe common headache types (e.g., tension, migraine, cluster) based on their characteristics.

Special Senses

• Describe special senses and the parts of the nervous system that process sensation.

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