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Questions and Answers
ما هو مرض الاضطراب العصبي؟
ما هو مرض الاضطراب العصبي؟
مرض الاضطراب العصبي هو اضطراب في عمل الجهاز العصبي.
ما هي مكونات نظام الجهاز العصبي؟
ما هي مكونات نظام الجهاز العصبي؟
يتكون نظام الجهاز العصبي من الجهاز العصبي المركزي والجهاز العصبي المحيطي.
ما هو دور الدماغ في الجسم؟
ما هو دور الدماغ في الجسم؟
الدماغ هو المسؤول عن التحكم في جميع وظائف الجسم.
ما هي أقسام الدماغ؟
ما هي أقسام الدماغ؟
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ما هو دور الفص الجبهي؟
ما هو دور الفص الجبهي؟
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ما هو ساق الدماغ؟
ما هو ساق الدماغ؟
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ما هي وظائف الحبل الشوكي؟
ما هي وظائف الحبل الشوكي؟
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ما هي بعض أعراض مرض الاضطراب العصبي؟
ما هي بعض أعراض مرض الاضطراب العصبي؟
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ما هي بعض أنواع أضرار الجهاز العصبي؟
ما هي بعض أنواع أضرار الجهاز العصبي؟
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ما هي بعض مسببات أضرار الجهاز العصبي؟
ما هي بعض مسببات أضرار الجهاز العصبي؟
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ما هي بعض النصائح للحفاظ على صحة الجهاز العصبي？
ما هي بعض النصائح للحفاظ على صحة الجهاز العصبي？
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ما هو السكتة الدماغية؟
ما هو السكتة الدماغية؟
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ما هي أعراض السكتة الدماغية؟
ما هي أعراض السكتة الدماغية؟
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ما هي مسببات السكتة الدماغية؟
ما هي مسببات السكتة الدماغية؟
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ما هي خطوات علاج السكتة الدماغية؟
ما هي خطوات علاج السكتة الدماغية؟
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ما هي التصلب المتعدد؟
ما هي التصلب المتعدد؟
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ما هي أعراض التصلب المتعدد؟
ما هي أعراض التصلب المتعدد؟
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ما هو مرض عصبونات الحركة؟
ما هو مرض عصبونات الحركة؟
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ما هي أعراض مرض عصبونات الحركة؟
ما هي أعراض مرض عصبونات الحركة؟
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ما هي الوهن العضلي؟
ما هي الوهن العضلي؟
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ما هي أعراض الوهن العضلي؟
ما هي أعراض الوهن العضلي؟
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ما هو الشلل الرعاش؟
ما هو الشلل الرعاش؟
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ما هي أعراض الشلل الرعاش؟
ما هي أعراض الشلل الرعاش؟
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ما هو الصرع؟
ما هو الصرع؟
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ما هي أعراض الصرع؟
ما هي أعراض الصرع؟
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ما هي أنواع الصداع؟
ما هي أنواع الصداع؟
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ما هي أسباب الصداع؟
ما هي أسباب الصداع؟
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ما هو التهاب السحايا؟
ما هو التهاب السحايا؟
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ما هي أعراض التهاب السحايا_؟
ما هي أعراض التهاب السحايا_؟
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ما هو علاج التهاب السحايا?
ما هو علاج التهاب السحايا?
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ما هو الاختناق?
ما هو الاختناق?
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ما هي أسباب الاختناق?
ما هي أسباب الاختناق?
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ما هي الإسعافات الأولية للحد من خطر الاختناق?
ما هي الإسعافات الأولية للحد من خطر الاختناق?
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Study Notes
Neurological Disease
- The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The CNS consists of the brain, brain stem, and cerebellum.
- The peripheral nervous system includes the spinal cord (31 segments).
- The brain is made up of two cerebral hemispheres (right and left), each with many lobes containing various centers and tracts.
- Frontal lobe: responsible for personality, emotional control, social behavior, and motor control. It also contains micturition centers.
- Parietal lobe: involved in language (speech), calculation, visual spatial skills, constructional memory, and somatic sensation. It contains the optic tract.
- Temporal lobe: responsible for auditory processing, verbal memory, and smell.
- Occipital lobe: processes visual information.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The brain stem is comprised of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
- The brain stem contains all sensory and motor pathways for cranial nerves (except 1 and 2), respiratory centers, and conscious centers.
Brain Stem
- The brain stem connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord and contains the nuclei of various cranial nerves.
- It plays a vital role in controlling several essential functions.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord, and with cranial nerves, together form the PNS.
Cerebral Hemispheres
- Each hemisphere is composed of many lobes.
- These lobes contain centers relevant to various functions, and tracts for motor and sensory input.
- Some key lobes and their functions are described in the CNS section.
Astereognosis and Agraphaesthesia
- Astereognosis is the inability to recognize objects by touch.
- Agraphaesthesia is the inability to recognize letters or numbers drawn on the hand.
Basal Ganglia
- The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei within the brain that are involved in the control of movement.
- The basal ganglia have various functions in motor control.
- The basal ganglia's function is related to the control of movement and muscle tone.
Cerebellum
- The cerebellum is composed of two halves (hemispheres) and a central part (vermis), along with a flocculonodular lobe.
- It plays a crucial role in coordinating body movements (including balance).
- The cerebellum also helps coordinate eye and ear functions.
Spinal Cord
- The spinal cord is structured in 31 segments, that ends at the level of L1.
- It has both gray and white matter.
- Gray matter contains motor (anterior horn) and sensory (posterior horn) nuclei, coordinating reflexes.
- White matter contains tracts for ascending and descending nerve signals, keeping the spinal cord stable.
Functional Neurology
- Functional neurology is the study of how various parts of the brain and nervous system work together to produce functions.
Motor System
- The motor system is composed of pyramidal tracts (voluntary movement) and extrapyramidal tracts (involuntary movement).
- Corticospinal tract: responsible for voluntary movements Corticobulbar tract: responsible for voluntary movements of the head and neck
- Spinal nerves and cranial nerves, connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles in the body.
Sensory System
- The sensory system is divided into sensory modalities.
- Dorsal column: Fine touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception.
- Anterolateral: Crude touch, pressure, pain, temperature, tickle, itch, and sexual sensations.
- The sensory system is an important part of how the body processes and responds to its environment.
- Sensory pathways carry sensory information (like pain and pressure) from the body to the brain for processing.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
- Brain supplied by arteries (carotid and vertebral/basilar)
- Carotid system: supplies cerebral hemisphere
- Vertebral/basilar system: supplies brain stem and cerebellum.
- Each artery supplies specific parts of the brain (e.g., frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, etc.)
Motor System Lesions and Neurological Defects
- Distinguish Upper Motor Neuron (UMNL) and Lower Motor Neuron (LMNL) lesions.
- UMN lesions result in spasticity, increased muscle tone, hyperreflexia, and pathological reflexes (e.g., Babinski sign).
- LMNL lesions result in flaccidity, decreased muscle tone, hyporeflexia, and fasciculations.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
- MS is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system.
- MS often involves various symptoms, including vision problems (optic neuritis), numbness, and weakness in limbs.
Motor Neuron Disease (MND)
- Progressive neurological disorder.
- Cranial nerve, anterior horn cells, and pyramidal tract loss/damage
- Symptoms: weakness, muscle wasting, fasciculations, and speech problems.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
- Inflammatory disorder leading to peripheral nerve demyelination.
- Symptoms: ascending muscle weakness, sensory disturbances, and dysfunction in cranial nerves.
Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
- Neuromuscular junction disorder.
- Causes: Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors.
- Symptoms: fluctuating muscle weakness (worsening during the day).
Cerebellar Lesions and Ataxia
- Describe features of a cerebellar lesion, including ataxia (uncoordinated movements) and abnormal eye movements.
Cranial Nerve Involvement
- Cranial nerves have functions in diverse parts of the body.
- Different cranial nerve conditions can lead to various neurological symptoms.
Benign Intracranial Hypertension (BIH)
- Increased intracranial pressure (ICP).
- Symptoms: Headache, transient diplopia, papilledema.
- Associated with obese women.
Epilepsy
- Characterized by recurrent seizures.
- Types: partial, generalized (tonic-clonic).
- Treatment: Anti-epileptic drugs (AED).
Status Epilepticus
- Prolonged seizure activity.
- Requires rapid treatment to prevent severe complications.
Meningitis
- Inflammation of the meninges (membranes surrounding brain/spinal cord).
- Bacterial and viral causes are common.
Headache
- Categorize and describe common headache types (e.g., tension, migraine, cluster) based on their characteristics.
Special Senses
- Describe special senses and the parts of the nervous system that process sensation.
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Description
هذا الاختبار يركز على النظام العصبي، بما في ذلك الجهاز العصبي المركزي والمحيطي. سيتم اختبار معرفتك بتكوين الدماغ وأجزائه المختلفة ودورها في وظائف الجسم. كما يتناول مهام الفصوص المختلفة واستراتيجيات المعالجة الحسية.
