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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the kidneys?
What is the function of the kidneys?
What are some early signs of kidney problems?
What are some early signs of kidney problems?
What are the leading causes of kidney failure in the United States?
What are the leading causes of kidney failure in the United States?
Which tests are used to evaluate renal function?
Which tests are used to evaluate renal function?
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What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
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What are some clinical manifestations of uremia?
What are some clinical manifestations of uremia?
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What are vital signs and why are they important?
What are vital signs and why are they important?
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What is the purpose of respiratory examination?
What is the purpose of respiratory examination?
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What is checked during neck examination?
What is checked during neck examination?
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What is checked during posterior chest examination?
What is checked during posterior chest examination?
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What is checked during anterior chest examination?
What is checked during anterior chest examination?
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What other assessments may be done to evaluate overall health?
What other assessments may be done to evaluate overall health?
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What is the function of the kidneys?
What is the function of the kidneys?
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What are some early signs of kidney problems?
What are some early signs of kidney problems?
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What are the leading causes of kidney failure in the United States?
What are the leading causes of kidney failure in the United States?
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What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
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What are some clinical manifestations of uremia?
What are some clinical manifestations of uremia?
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What is the importance of vital signs?
What is the importance of vital signs?
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What is the purpose of a respiratory examination?
What is the purpose of a respiratory examination?
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What is assessed during a neck examination?
What is assessed during a neck examination?
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What is assessed during a posterior chest examination?
What is assessed during a posterior chest examination?
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What is assessed during an anterior chest examination?
What is assessed during an anterior chest examination?
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What other assessments may be included in evaluating kidney function?
What other assessments may be included in evaluating kidney function?
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What are some markers of renal function in blood tests?
What are some markers of renal function in blood tests?
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What is the function of the kidneys?
What is the function of the kidneys?
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What are some early signs of kidney problems?
What are some early signs of kidney problems?
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What are the leading causes of kidney failure in the United States?
What are the leading causes of kidney failure in the United States?
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What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
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What are some clinical manifestations of uremia?
What are some clinical manifestations of uremia?
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What is the importance of vital signs?
What is the importance of vital signs?
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What is the purpose of a respiratory examination?
What is the purpose of a respiratory examination?
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What is assessed during a neck examination?
What is assessed during a neck examination?
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What is assessed during a posterior chest examination?
What is assessed during a posterior chest examination?
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What is assessed during an anterior chest examination?
What is assessed during an anterior chest examination?
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What other assessments may be included in evaluating kidney function?
What other assessments may be included in evaluating kidney function?
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What are some markers of renal function in blood tests?
What are some markers of renal function in blood tests?
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Study Notes
Overview of Kidney Disease and Renal Function Tests
- The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that filter about a half cup of blood every minute, removing waste products and drugs, balancing fluids, releasing hormones, producing vitamin D, and controlling red blood cell production.
- Early signs of kidney problems include decreased urine output, fluid retention, shortness of breath, fatigue, confusion, nausea, weakness, and irregular heartbeat.
- Diabetes and high blood pressure are the leading causes of kidney failure in the United States, accounting for 3 out of 4 new cases.
- Urine examination is a valuable test for evaluating renal function, including physical examination, chemical examination, and microscopic examination of the sediment.
- Blood tests for creatinine, urea, uric acid, and electrolytes are markers of renal function, with increased levels indicating impaired renal function.
- The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best measure of glomerular function, with a normal GFR of approximately 125 mL/min.
- Severely impaired renal function can lead to biochemical abnormalities and clinical manifestations of uremia, including acidemia, volume overload, and neurologic, cardiac, and respiratory symptoms.
- Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation, are important indicators of overall health and can be measured through various routes, such as sublingual, axillary, or rectal.
- Respiratory examination involves preparing the patient, inspecting for general signs, assessing peripheral cyanosis and clubbing, testing wrist strength and tenderness, and checking the radial pulse, face, sinuses, nose, mouth, and voice.
- Neck examination involves checking for midline trachea and cervical lymph nodes.
- Posterior chest examination involves inspecting for scars, chest shape abnormalities, and spine deformity, palpating chest expansion and tactile vocal fremitus, and percussing for stony dullness or hyperresonance.
- Anterior chest examination involves inspecting for radiotherapy marks, subcutaneous emphysema, and upper chest expansion, and percussing for supraclavicular regions, clavicles, ant chest, and the liver upper edge.
- Other assessments may include a recent chest x-ray, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) or spirometry, and evaluation for right heart failure through JVP elevation, Pemberton's sign, heart auscultation, liver palpation/percussion, and leg edema examination.
Overview of Kidney Disease and Renal Function Tests
- The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that filter about a half cup of blood every minute, removing waste products and drugs, balancing fluids, releasing hormones, producing vitamin D, and controlling red blood cell production.
- Early signs of kidney problems include decreased urine output, fluid retention, shortness of breath, fatigue, confusion, nausea, weakness, and irregular heartbeat.
- Diabetes and high blood pressure are the leading causes of kidney failure in the United States, accounting for 3 out of 4 new cases.
- Urine examination is a valuable test for evaluating renal function, including physical examination, chemical examination, and microscopic examination of the sediment.
- Blood tests for creatinine, urea, uric acid, and electrolytes are markers of renal function, with increased levels indicating impaired renal function.
- The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best measure of glomerular function, with a normal GFR of approximately 125 mL/min.
- Severely impaired renal function can lead to biochemical abnormalities and clinical manifestations of uremia, including acidemia, volume overload, and neurologic, cardiac, and respiratory symptoms.
- Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation, are important indicators of overall health and can be measured through various routes, such as sublingual, axillary, or rectal.
- Respiratory examination involves preparing the patient, inspecting for general signs, assessing peripheral cyanosis and clubbing, testing wrist strength and tenderness, and checking the radial pulse, face, sinuses, nose, mouth, and voice.
- Neck examination involves checking for midline trachea and cervical lymph nodes.
- Posterior chest examination involves inspecting for scars, chest shape abnormalities, and spine deformity, palpating chest expansion and tactile vocal fremitus, and percussing for stony dullness or hyperresonance.
- Anterior chest examination involves inspecting for radiotherapy marks, subcutaneous emphysema, and upper chest expansion, and percussing for supraclavicular regions, clavicles, ant chest, and the liver upper edge.
- Other assessments may include a recent chest x-ray, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) or spirometry, and evaluation for right heart failure through JVP elevation, Pemberton's sign, heart auscultation, liver palpation/percussion, and leg edema examination.
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