اكتشف ما تعرفه عن وظيفة الكلى واختباراتها الكيميائية!

Overview of Kidney Disease and Renal Function Tests

• The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that filter about a half cup of blood every minute, removing waste products and drugs, balancing fluids, releasing hormones, producing vitamin D, and controlling red blood cell production.
• Early signs of kidney problems include decreased urine output, fluid retention, shortness of breath, fatigue, confusion, nausea, weakness, and irregular heartbeat.
• Diabetes and high blood pressure are the leading causes of kidney failure in the United States, accounting for 3 out of 4 new cases.
• Urine examination is a valuable test for evaluating renal function, including physical examination, chemical examination, and microscopic examination of the sediment.
• Blood tests for creatinine, urea, uric acid, and electrolytes are markers of renal function, with increased levels indicating impaired renal function.
• The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best measure of glomerular function, with a normal GFR of approximately 125 mL/min.
• Severely impaired renal function can lead to biochemical abnormalities and clinical manifestations of uremia, including acidemia, volume overload, and neurologic, cardiac, and respiratory symptoms.
• Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation, are important indicators of overall health and can be measured through various routes, such as sublingual, axillary, or rectal.
• Respiratory examination involves preparing the patient, inspecting for general signs, assessing peripheral cyanosis and clubbing, testing wrist strength and tenderness, and checking the radial pulse, face, sinuses, nose, mouth, and voice.
• Neck examination involves checking for midline trachea and cervical lymph nodes.
• Posterior chest examination involves inspecting for scars, chest shape abnormalities, and spine deformity, palpating chest expansion and tactile vocal fremitus, and percussing for stony dullness or hyperresonance.
• Anterior chest examination involves inspecting for radiotherapy marks, subcutaneous emphysema, and upper chest expansion, and percussing for supraclavicular regions, clavicles, ant chest, and the liver upper edge.
• Other assessments may include a recent chest x-ray, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) or spirometry, and evaluation for right heart failure through JVP elevation, Pemberton's sign, heart auscultation, liver palpation/percussion, and leg edema examination.

Overview of Kidney Disease and Renal Function Tests

• The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that filter about a half cup of blood every minute, removing waste products and drugs, balancing fluids, releasing hormones, producing vitamin D, and controlling red blood cell production.
• Early signs of kidney problems include decreased urine output, fluid retention, shortness of breath, fatigue, confusion, nausea, weakness, and irregular heartbeat.
• Diabetes and high blood pressure are the leading causes of kidney failure in the United States, accounting for 3 out of 4 new cases.
• Urine examination is a valuable test for evaluating renal function, including physical examination, chemical examination, and microscopic examination of the sediment.
• Blood tests for creatinine, urea, uric acid, and electrolytes are markers of renal function, with increased levels indicating impaired renal function.
• The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best measure of glomerular function, with a normal GFR of approximately 125 mL/min.
• Severely impaired renal function can lead to biochemical abnormalities and clinical manifestations of uremia, including acidemia, volume overload, and neurologic, cardiac, and respiratory symptoms.
• Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation, are important indicators of overall health and can be measured through various routes, such as sublingual, axillary, or rectal.
• Respiratory examination involves preparing the patient, inspecting for general signs, assessing peripheral cyanosis and clubbing, testing wrist strength and tenderness, and checking the radial pulse, face, sinuses, nose, mouth, and voice.
• Neck examination involves checking for midline trachea and cervical lymph nodes.
• Posterior chest examination involves inspecting for scars, chest shape abnormalities, and spine deformity, palpating chest expansion and tactile vocal fremitus, and percussing for stony dullness or hyperresonance.
• Anterior chest examination involves inspecting for radiotherapy marks, subcutaneous emphysema, and upper chest expansion, and percussing for supraclavicular regions, clavicles, ant chest, and the liver upper edge.
• Other assessments may include a recent chest x-ray, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) or spirometry, and evaluation for right heart failure through JVP elevation, Pemberton's sign, heart auscultation, liver palpation/percussion, and leg edema examination.