AKI, CKD, and ESRD Causes

Which of the following is a common cause of prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI)?

Which of the following conditions is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is characterized by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) that is what percentage of normal?

Damage to the glomeruli or tubules, leading to impaired reabsorption/secretion and a buildup of nitrogenous wastes, is characteristic of which type of acute kidney injury (AKI)?

Which of the following directly contributes to glomerular hypertension and fibrosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

What is the primary mechanism by which proteinuria worsens tubulointerstitial damage in chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Which clinical manifestation is commonly associated with acute kidney injury (AKI)?

What electrolyte imbalance is typically observed in chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Which clinical feature is commonly associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?

In postrenal AKI, increased pressure in Bowman's capsule directly leads to what physiological consequence?

What is the primary adaptive mechanism in the remaining nephrons during chronic kidney disease (CKD), as described by the 'intact nephron hypothesis'?

A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is likely to experience which specific bone disorder as a result of the disease?

Which of the following is the most direct consequence of reduced GFR, urine concentration, and waste elimination in ESRD?

Which of the following best describes the role of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Given that recurrent episodes of AKI can accelerate the progression to ESRD, what underlying pathophysiological change is MOST likely driving this progression?

A researcher is studying the effects of a novel drug designed to modulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in patients with CKD. Which specific outcome would BEST indicate the drug's effectiveness in slowing CKD progression?

A patient with long-standing diabetes mellitus develops proteinuria, hypertension, and declining renal function. If a kidney biopsy reveals glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which of the following pathogenic mechanisms is MOST likely contributing to these findings?

Progressive nephron loss in chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to compensatory mechanisms in the remaining nephrons. Which of the following is a potential long-term consequence of this compensation?

A patient presents with symptoms of uremia, including nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status. What is the underlying cause of these symptoms?

A patient's acute kidney injury (AKI) is determined to be due to obstruction. Which classification of AKI is this?