اختبر معرفتك بنظرية فرويد للعلاج النفسي وتأثيرها في علاج الاضطرابات العق

المشتركين من Subbable

علم النفس

دكتور رانجيت راغوات

بليك باستينو

نيكولاس جينكنز

مايكل إراندا

Thought Cafe

Subbable.com/CrashCourse

The science of behavior and mental processes.

Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Rhazes (Rhazes).

The heart.

The theory that our personalities are shaped by unconscious motives.

Through a therapeutic technique that used dreams, projections, and free association.

He believed mental disorders could be healed through talk therapy and self-discovery.

How can humans do horrible things like commit genocide and torture other humans? Do we have free will or are we driven by our environment and biology? What is mental illness? What is consciousness? What is the notion of self?

Sigmund Freud was a tremendously influential and controversial thinker. His theories helped build views on childhood, personality, dreams, and sexuality. He developed the talking cure and encouraged patients to talk freely about their thoughts and memories.

Some of the different schools of thought in psychology include structuralism, functionalism, and psychoanalysis.

Creating different ways of asking interesting questions and attempting to answer them through all kinds of data-gathering methods.

The human brain.

To delve into the world of psychology and deepen our understanding of ourselves, each other, and the world.

Kathleen Yale.

Dr. Ranjit Bhagwat.

Nicholas Jenkins.

Molly was late for work every morning, complained of mysterious pains, ran away from work, and spent time standing foolishly at the drinking pool.

Clover saw Molly looking over the hedge that divides Animal Farm from Foxwood.

Clover confronted Molly about seeing her looking over the hedge that divides Animal Farm from Foxwood.

Napoleon believed that the animals should procure firearms and train themselves to use them, while Snowball believed that they should send out more pigeons to stir up rebellion among the animals on the other farms.

Snowball believed that the windmill would lift the burden of labor from the animals' backs and that it could operate machinery, provide electricity, and other amenities for the animals.

Snowball's eloquence convinced the majority of animals to vote in favor of building the windmill, but Napoleon, casting a sidelong look at Snowball, unleashed his dogs to chase Snowball away, effectively thwarting his plans.

She ran away into the field.

A pile of lump sugar and several bunches of ribbon of different colors.

She was seen outside a public house, being stroked by a fat red-faced man and fed with sugar.

Snowball's plan for the windmill was to build it within a year, saving labor for the animals. Napoleon, on the other hand, opposed the plan and urinated over the plans in a show of disapproval.

The two factions formed were 'Vote for Snowball and the three-day week' and 'Vote for Napoleon and the full manger.' Snowball believed that the windmill would save labor and the animals would only need to work three days a week. Napoleon argued that the priority should be increasing food production to prevent starvation.

Benjamin did not side with either faction and refused to believe that food would become more plentiful or that the windmill would save work. He believed that life would go on as it always had, regardless of the windmill.

Napoleon announced the end of Sunday morning meetings and the establishment of a special committee of pigs to make decisions and communicate them to the other animals.

Napoleon used the dogs to silence the animals who tried to protest against the new leadership.

Initially, the plans for the windmill were associated with Snowball, but now they are attributed to Napoleon.

The term 'psychology' comes from the Latin for the 'study of the soul.' The practice of psychology as a science was established in the mid-1800s.

Persian doctor Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Rhazes, also known as Rhazes.

Aristotle believed that the seed of human consciousness was in the heart, not the head.

The main schools of thought in psychology during Freud's time were structuralism, functionalism, and psychoanalysis.

Structuralism focused on understanding the structures of consciousness through introspection, while functionalism focused on the function of behavior and how it helps us adapt to our environment.

Freud's approach to therapy involved encouraging patients to freely talk about their thoughts and memories, while the structuralist and functionalist approaches relied more on introspection and studying the observable behaviors of individuals.

Creating different ways of asking interesting questions and attempting to answer them through all kinds of data-gathering methods.

The human brain.

Dr. Ranjit Bhagwat.

Nicholas Jenkins.

Kathleen Yale.

Michael Aranda.

Freud's theory proposed that our personalities are shaped by unconscious motives and that we are profoundly affected by mental processes that we are not even aware of.

The major forces in psychology during the mid-20th century were behaviorism and psychoanalysis (psychodynamic theories). Behaviorism focused on the study of observable behavior, while psychoanalysis focused on the importance of early experiences in shaping the unconsciousness and its effects on thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and personalities.

The formal definition of psychology today is the study of behavior and mental processes, which combines the observation and recording of behavior with an understanding of our thoughts, feelings, and beliefs.

It can interconnect with the entire nation if desired.

They are coming to the scene.

The person checks to see who is calling.

There is an object on the track.

A train is approaching and there is no one on the track.

They rehearse what to do.

Track two.

They should see the object on the track and the train approaching.

They announce the object on the track and the approaching train.

They seem unaware of the situation.

The potential long-term effects of chronic stress on physical and mental health include high blood pressure, weakened immune system, obesity, heart disease, anxiety, and depression. These conditions can contribute to a long list of physical and mental health problems.

The study suggests concerning changes in child and family well-being after the onset of the covid-19 pandemic, with an increase in the number of children diagnosed with anxiety and depression. Additionally, mental illness is at an all-time high—especially among children.

More than two full years into the covid-19 pandemic, mental illness is at an all-time high—especially among children. The number of children diagnosed with anxiety grew by 29% and those with depression by 27% between 2016 and 2020, according to a study published in 2022 in JAMA Pediatrics.

In the short term, stress can push a child to practice for her piano recital or inspire a teen to study when he'd rather be out with friends. However, chronic stress, such as from unrelenting pandemic-related pressures, social unrest, or violence, can lead to long-term physical and mental health problems, including high blood pressure, weakened immune system, obesity, heart disease, anxiety, and depression.

Tension at home, family discord, divorce, loss, new home, arrival of a new sibling, new stepparent, making friends, dealing with bullies, getting along with teachers, tests, and grades.

Children ages 0 to 11 and kids ages 12 to 17.

More than 60%.

Events or situations outside the home, fitting in, first romantic relationships, peer pressure around substance use and sex.

Mental health crises, self-harm, drug poisonings, eating disorders.

Adopting healthy habits, helping children and teens find stress-managing strategies.

Psychologists.

APA Division 53 (Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology).

Blindsight is a neurological phenomenon in which a person is consciously blind in a certain area of their visual field due to damage to the visual cortex, but they are still able to sense and respond to objects they cannot see. This phenomenon demonstrates that specific parts of the brain are associated with specific functions, and damage to those parts can lead to specific behavioral changes.

Scientists study the effects of brain injuries on behavior by observing and analyzing the behavior and abilities of individuals whose brains are different from neurotypical brains. They look for cases where specific brain damage leads to specific changes in behavior or abilities, allowing them to understand the functions of different parts of the brain.

It is difficult for scientists to directly manipulate people's brains to understand the effects on behavior because it is unethical and dangerous to perform invasive procedures on human brains. Therefore, they rely on studying naturally occurring cases of brain injuries and differences to draw conclusions about the relationship between brain function and behavior.

The concept of blindsight reveals that the brain's function is complex and that conscious experience is not solely determined by the visual cortex. Despite being consciously blind in a certain area of their visual field, individuals with blindsight are still able to sense and respond to objects in that area, indicating that there are other neural pathways involved in processing visual information and generating conscious experience.

Mathematics

Integrals and calculus

Space, time, and limits

He believes that everyone has the potential for math abilities

We can learn a lot from divergent minds

Working with other disabled people and disabled children

Questions about the diversity of minds

They provide windows into how we all think, feel, and behave

All kinds of minds and brains

Improv

Thanks for watching

Derek's premature birth, subsequent blindness, and learning difficulties have influenced the development of his extraordinary musical skills.

Echolalia is a condition that causes Derek to repeat words spoken to him, but it doesn't hinder his musical communication.

Derek's ability to process pitch and his perfect pitch are exceptional, with a higher prevalence of perfect pitch in blind premature babies.

Autism contributes to Derek's intense focus on sensory perceptions, enhancing his musical abilities.

TMS is being evaluated for treating depression and brain damage.

The complexity of the brain makes it challenging for TMS to consistently affect all brains in the same way.

The potential future applications of TMS include reducing the effects of traumatic brain injury.

TMS was unsuccessful in disrupting the speech of the individual in the text, demonstrating the variability of results.

The interview showcases the unique perspective of Derek, emphasizing the diversity and complexity of brain development and function.

The discussion sheds light on the intricate relationship between brain development, neurological conditions, and exceptional abilities like Derek's musical talent.

Derek Paravicini has exceptional musical abilities and can identify individual notes in complex chords effortlessly.

One theory suggests that heightened sensory awareness in autistic individuals may be due to an abnormality in the brain's left hemisphere.

Jason Padgett is an example of acquired savant syndrome, as a brain injury unlocked his skills in math and physics after damaging his visual cortex.

Jason's brain injury led to Akinetopsia, causing him to see the world in discrete picture frames and experience pixelation in his visual perception.

The cases of Derek and Jason prompted further research and exploration into the potential dormant savant skills in all individuals, and the mechanisms behind acquired savant syndrome.

These rare cases of acquired savant syndrome shed light on the brain's remarkable ability to adapt and unlock new skills, offering hope for further understanding and exploration of human cognition.

Some psychologists propose that all individuals may have dormant savant skills, and in rare cases, people can acquire savant abilities after suffering brain damage as adults.

Derek's case highlights the almost infinite capacity of the human brain to thrive in difficult circumstances, offering valuable insight to scientists studying the mind.

Autism is still not well understood, and one theory suggests that heightened sensory awareness in autistic individuals may be due to an abnormality in the brain's left hemisphere.

Both Derek Paravicini and Jason Padgett's cases provide insights into the potential and complexities of the human brain, challenging traditional understandings of cognitive abilities.

The rare cases of acquired savant syndrome shed light on the brain's remarkable ability to adapt and unlock new skills, offering hope for further understanding and exploration of human cognition.

Jason's acquired savant syndrome was a result of a traumatic brain injury sustained in an attack, causing profound changes in his perception of the world.

Blindsight is possible because besides the visual cortex which is associated with conscious vision, there are other brain areas that get information from the eyes unconsciously.

Paul Broca was a doctor who made the first major discovery showing that the brain had specialized modules. He discovered that a specific part of the left hemisphere, now called Broca's Area, must be important for producing speech but not for understanding speech.

Broca's Aphasia is a language deficit that affects people who get strokes in the left side of their brain. Patients with Broca's Aphasia can talk, but struggle to get the words out.

Wernicke's Area is associated with language comprehension. Patients who damage this region can speak fluently but are unable to understand language or use it in a meaningful way.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation applies a strong magnetic pulse to one part of the brain, temporarily disrupting electric function in the stimulated area. It's like causing temporary brain damage, but functioning goes back to normal after the pulse.

The MRI scan was used to find Broca's Area in the brain in order to stimulate it using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

The text does not provide information on the specific outcome of stimulating the Broca's Area using transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Studying individuals with atypical minds has revolutionized our understanding of the brain and exposed elements of all our minds that we didn't even know were there.

Derek Paravicini is blind and autistic, and he is a musical savant with exceptional musical abilities despite severe cognitive and social impairments.

By studying people with atypical minds, scientists discovered that there are different modules in the brain that have different functions.

Damage to specific brain regions, such as Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area, can result in language deficits and difficulties in speech production or comprehension.

The study of divergent minds has revolutionized our understanding of the brain in ways that would not have been possible otherwise.

Blindsight is the ability to respond to visual stimuli without consciously experiencing them, and it is possible due to unconscious vision from brain areas other than the visual cortex. This phenomenon revolutionizes our understanding of the brain's complex processing of visual information.

Derek Paravicini is a musical savant with exceptional musical ability, despite being blind and autistic. His talents have inspired other autistic individuals and shed light on the potential for extraordinary abilities in individuals with atypical minds.

Paul Broca discovered specialized brain modules related to language through the study of atypical minds in the 1800s. This led to the identification of Broca's Area, which is crucial for speech production.

Damage to Broca's Area can cause Broca's Aphasia, which affects speech production but not comprehension. This demonstrates the specialized functions of different brain areas.

Wernicke's Area is related to language comprehension, and damage to this area can affect language understanding and use. This highlights the intricate relationship between brain function and language abilities.

The brain's capacity for reorganization after damage makes it challenging to infer the specific functions of different brain areas from individual patients, as compensatory mechanisms can come into play.

TMS can disrupt brain function temporarily, providing valuable insights into the relationships between specific brain areas and various behaviors or cognitive functions.

In an experiment, TMS was used to stimulate Broca's Area and temporarily disrupt speech production in the narrator. This procedure involved finding Broca's Area using an MRI scan and stimulating it while the narrator read aloud.

The narrator experienced discomfort and muscle stimulation during the TMS procedure, indicating the disruptive effects of TMS on brain function and corresponding behaviors.

The study of atypical minds, such as Derek Paravicini's, has deepened our understanding of the specialized modules and functions of the brain, particularly in the context of language processing and overall brain function.

The study of atypical minds, including individuals like Derek Paravicini, has been instrumental in advancing our knowledge of the brain's specialized modules and functions, leading to significant insights into brain organization and function.

Blindsight, which allows individuals to respond to visual stimuli without conscious awareness, reveals the complex and diverse pathways involved in visual processing, challenging traditional notions of the brain's visual cortex as the sole site of visual perception.

Inuyama

Cognitive Tradeoff Hypothesis

Professor Tetsuro Matsuzawa

Short-term memory

Memory tests

Ayumu

Cognitive enrichment tasks

Advanced memory capabilities

Language development

Numerical order of displayed numbers

Quickly memorizing and recalling the numerical order of displayed numbers

Language development

Professor Tetsuro Matsuzawa

Memory tests

Ayumu

Foraging behaviors

Language development

Inuyama, Japan

Memory tests involving numerical order of displayed numbers

Cognitive tasks