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Questions and Answers
What is Class Amphibia?
What is Class Amphibia?
- Contains newts and salamanders
- Contains caecilians
- Contains frogs, toads, newts, salamanders, and caecilians (correct)
- Contains frogs and toads
What is Order Anura?
What is Order Anura?
Taxonomic group containing frogs and toads
What does Phylum Chordata include?
What does Phylum Chordata include?
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
What is Order Urodela?
What is Order Urodela?
What is Order Gymnophiona?
What is Order Gymnophiona?
What does Order Crocodilia encompass?
What does Order Crocodilia encompass?
What is Order Testudines?
What is Order Testudines?
What is the defining characteristic of Order Rhynchocephalia?
What is the defining characteristic of Order Rhynchocephalia?
What is Class Reptilia?
What is Class Reptilia?
What is Order Squamata?
What is Order Squamata?
The ventral (bottom) part of a turtle shell is called the ______.
The ventral (bottom) part of a turtle shell is called the ______.
The dorsal (top) part of a turtle shell is known as the ______.
The dorsal (top) part of a turtle shell is known as the ______.
What are amniotic eggs?
What are amniotic eggs?
How many chambers are in the heart of a lizard, snake, or turtle?
How many chambers are in the heart of a lizard, snake, or turtle?
How many chambers are in the heart of an amphibian?
How many chambers are in the heart of an amphibian?
What is the respiratory system in amphibians?
What is the respiratory system in amphibians?
What is the respiratory system in reptiles?
What is the respiratory system in reptiles?
What describes the outer skin in amphibians?
What describes the outer skin in amphibians?
What is the outer skin in reptiles like?
What is the outer skin in reptiles like?
What is herpetology?
What is herpetology?
How many chambers are in the heart of a crocodilian?
How many chambers are in the heart of a crocodilian?
What does paedomorphic/neotenic mean?
What does paedomorphic/neotenic mean?
What is the Giant Japanese Salamander known for?
What is the Giant Japanese Salamander known for?
What is the Komodo Dragon?
What is the Komodo Dragon?
What is the Leatherback Sea Turtle known for?
What is the Leatherback Sea Turtle known for?
Which are the world's largest reptiles?
Which are the world's largest reptiles?
What is the Green Anaconda known for?
What is the Green Anaconda known for?
What is the Reticulated Python known for?
What is the Reticulated Python known for?
What is the amnion?
What is the amnion?
What is the allantois?
What is the allantois?
What does the chorion do?
What does the chorion do?
What is the yolk sac?
What is the yolk sac?
What is chytrid or chytridiomycosis?
What is chytrid or chytridiomycosis?
What is the parietal/pineal eye?
What is the parietal/pineal eye?
What is the urostyle?
What is the urostyle?
What is parthenogenesis?
What is parthenogenesis?
What does copulation refer to?
What does copulation refer to?
What is internal fertilization?
What is internal fertilization?
What is external fertilization?
What is external fertilization?
What is metamorphosis?
What is metamorphosis?
What is Jacobson's organ?
What is Jacobson's organ?
What are heat-sensing pits?
What are heat-sensing pits?
What is binomial nomenclature?
What is binomial nomenclature?
What is a cladogram?
What is a cladogram?
What is the domain in taxonomy?
What is the domain in taxonomy?
What is a phylum?
What is a phylum?
What is class in taxonomy?
What is class in taxonomy?
What is order in taxonomy?
What is order in taxonomy?
What is genus?
What is genus?
What is a species?
What is a species?
What is kingdom in taxonomy?
What is kingdom in taxonomy?
What is a family in taxonomy?
What is a family in taxonomy?
What is a eukaryote?
What is a eukaryote?
What is an autotroph?
What is an autotroph?
What is a heterotroph?
What is a heterotroph?
What is taxonomy?
What is taxonomy?
What language is used for classifying organisms?
What language is used for classifying organisms?
What is the structure of a scientific name?
What is the structure of a scientific name?
Who was Aristotle?
Who was Aristotle?
Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
What defines an animal?
What defines an animal?
What are the 8 levels of classification?
What are the 8 levels of classification?
What is the scientific name for man?
What is the scientific name for man?
What are homologous structures?
What are homologous structures?
What are analogous structures?
What are analogous structures?
What is convergent evolution?
What is convergent evolution?
What are vestigial structures?
What are vestigial structures?
What is a phylogenetic tree?
What is a phylogenetic tree?
What does phylogeny refer to?
What does phylogeny refer to?
What are synapomorphies?
What are synapomorphies?
What is a dichotomous key?
What is a dichotomous key?
What is a gas bladder?
What is a gas bladder?
What is the dorsal fin?
What is the dorsal fin?
What is the caudal fin?
What is the caudal fin?
What is the operculum?
What is the operculum?
What is the pelvic fin?
What is the pelvic fin?
What is the pectoral fin?
What is the pectoral fin?
What is the lateral line?
What is the lateral line?
What do freshwater fish do during osmoregulation?
What do freshwater fish do during osmoregulation?
What do saltwater fish need to do during osmoregulation?
What do saltwater fish need to do during osmoregulation?
What are Chondrichthyes?
What are Chondrichthyes?
What are Osteichthyes?
What are Osteichthyes?
What are Sarcopterygii?
What are Sarcopterygii?
What are Actinopterygii?
What are Actinopterygii?
What is Perciformes?
What is Perciformes?
What are ampullae of Lorenzini?
What are ampullae of Lorenzini?
What is the nictitating membrane?
What is the nictitating membrane?
What are tetrapods?
What are tetrapods?
What are placoid scales?
What are placoid scales?
What is diadromy?
What is diadromy?
What is a symbiotic relationship?
What is a symbiotic relationship?
What is mutualism?
What is mutualism?
What is commensalism?
What is commensalism?
What is parasitism?
What is parasitism?
What are the 4 characteristics of chordates?
What are the 4 characteristics of chordates?
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Study Notes
Taxonomic Classification
- Class Amphibia includes frogs, toads, newts, salamanders, and caecilians.
- Order Anura encompasses frogs and toads, while Order Urodela includes salamanders and newts.
- Order Gymnophiona is characterized by caecilians, Order Crocodilia includes crocodiles, alligators, gharials, and caimans.
- Order Testudines contains turtles and tortoises; Order Rhynchocephalia is represented by tuataras.
- Class Reptilia consists of snakes, lizards, crocodilians, turtles, extinct dinosaurs, and birds.
Anatomical Features
- Plastron refers to the ventral part of a turtle shell; Carapace is the dorsal part.
- Amniotic eggs, present in reptiles, birds, and some mammals, have specialized layers: amnion for embryo protection, allantois for waste storage, chorion for gas exchange, and yolk sac for nutrients.
Physiological Characteristics
- Lizards, snakes, and turtles possess a three-chambered heart with a partially separated ventricle.
- Amphibians also have a three-chambered heart, while crocodilians possess a four-chambered heart.
- Amphibians utilize skin, lungs, and gills (in youth) for respiration; reptiles breathe only through lungs.
Skin and Adaptations
- Amphibians have wet, mucous-covered skin without scales; reptiles feature dry, water-tight scales.
- Paedomorphic/Neotenic refers to organisms retaining juvenile features into adulthood.
- Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction seen in certain reptiles and amphibians.
Reproductive Processes
- Copulation is the physical act of mating; fertilization can be internal or external.
- Metamorphosis involves significant body form changes during growth.
Special Features in Animals
- Jacobson's organ in snakes aids in sensing airborne chemicals; heat-sensing pits help nocturnal hunting in certain reptiles.
- The giant Japanese salamander is the largest amphibian; the Komodo dragon is the largest lizard.
- The leatherback sea turtle ranks as the largest turtle, while the Nile and saltwater crocodiles are the largest reptiles.
Fish Classification and Adaptations
- Phylum Chordata includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals; Chondrichthyes refers to cartilaginous fish while Osteichthyes includes bony fish.
- Sarcopterygii are lobe-finned fish, closest to land vertebrates; Actinopterygii are ray-finned fish.
- The lateral line is a sensory system in fish for detecting vibrations; gas bladders aid buoyancy.
Ecology and Relationships
- Diadromy describes fish migrating between freshwater and saltwater.
- Symbiotic relationships can be mutualism (both benefit), commensalism (one benefits, the other unaffected), or parasitism (one benefits, the other harmed).
Taxonomy and Evolution
- Binomial nomenclature is the two-part naming system for organisms, e.g., Panthera leo.
- Cladograms visualize relationships based on traits, while phylogenetic trees illustrate evolutionary histories.
- Synapomorphies are shared traits that indicate relationships among species.
- Vestigial structures are remnants of ancestral features, like the human coccyx.
Taxonomic Hierarchy
- The eight levels of biological classification from broadest to most specific are: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
- Carolus Linnaeus is recognized as the father of modern taxonomy, classifying organisms based on structural similarities.
General Characteristics of Chordates
- Chordates exhibit four primary characteristics: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.
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