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Untitled Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is Class Amphibia?

  • Contains newts and salamanders
  • Contains caecilians
  • Contains frogs, toads, newts, salamanders, and caecilians (correct)
  • Contains frogs and toads
  • What is Order Anura?

    Taxonomic group containing frogs and toads

    What does Phylum Chordata include?

    Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

    What is Order Urodela?

    <p>Taxonomic group containing salamanders and newts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Order Gymnophiona?

    <p>Taxonomic group containing caecilians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Order Crocodilia encompass?

    <p>Taxonomic group containing crocodiles, alligators, gharials, and caimans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Order Testudines?

    <p>Taxonomic group containing turtles and tortoises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of Order Rhynchocephalia?

    <p>Taxonomic group containing tuataras</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Class Reptilia?

    <p>Taxonomic group containing snakes, lizards, crocodilians, turtles, extinct dinosaurs, and technically birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Order Squamata?

    <p>Taxonomic group containing snakes, lizards, worm-lizards, and legless lizards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ventral (bottom) part of a turtle shell is called the ______.

    <p>plastron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dorsal (top) part of a turtle shell is known as the ______.

    <p>carapace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are amniotic eggs?

    <p>Shelled eggs which reptiles, birds, and a few mammals have</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chambers are in the heart of a lizard, snake, or turtle?

    <p>3 with a partially separated ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chambers are in the heart of an amphibian?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the respiratory system in amphibians?

    <p>Skin, lungs, and when young gills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the respiratory system in reptiles?

    <p>Just lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the outer skin in amphibians?

    <p>Wet mucous-covered skin with no scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer skin in reptiles like?

    <p>Water-tight dry scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herpetology?

    <p>The scientific study of amphibians and reptiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chambers are in the heart of a crocodilian?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does paedomorphic/neotenic mean?

    <p>Retaining characteristics of an early stage in development into adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Giant Japanese Salamander known for?

    <p>The world's largest amphibian (and salamander)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Komodo Dragon?

    <p>The world's largest lizard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Leatherback Sea Turtle known for?

    <p>The world's largest turtle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are the world's largest reptiles?

    <p>Nile Crocodile &amp; Saltwater Crocodile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Green Anaconda known for?

    <p>The world's heaviest snake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Reticulated Python known for?

    <p>The world's longest snake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amnion?

    <p>Layer of the amniotic egg that surrounds the growing embryo and provides cushion and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the allantois?

    <p>Layer of the amniotic egg that collects and stores wastes from the growing embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the chorion do?

    <p>Layer of the amniotic egg that regulates gas exchange and the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the yolk sac?

    <p>Layer of the amniotic egg that provides the growing embryo with nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chytrid or chytridiomycosis?

    <p>A disease caused by a fungal parasite that contributes to amphibian population decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the parietal/pineal eye?

    <p>Third eye on certain reptile species, involved in dictating physiological cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the urostyle?

    <p>A special vertebral structure at the base of anuran's backbone that helps absorb shock from jumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is parthenogenesis?

    <p>A form of asexual reproduction that involves the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does copulation refer to?

    <p>The physical nature of touching bodies during sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is internal fertilization?

    <p>When eggs and sperm meet inside an animal's body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is external fertilization?

    <p>When eggs and sperm meet outside of an animal's body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metamorphosis?

    <p>A transformation or dramatic change of body forms as an animal grows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Jacobson's organ?

    <p>Sense organ on snake's roof of mouth which detects airborne chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are heat-sensing pits?

    <p>Used by pit vipers, boas, and pythons; detect infrared radiation for nocturnal hunting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is binomial nomenclature?

    <p>A system for naming organisms using two Latin names: genus and species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cladogram?

    <p>A branching treelike diagram used to organize living things based on measurable traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the domain in taxonomy?

    <p>The highest taxonomic rank of organisms; there are three domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phylum?

    <p>A principal taxonomic category that ranks above class and below kingdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is class in taxonomy?

    <p>A major taxonomic rank below the phylum and above the order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is order in taxonomy?

    <p>A taxonomic rank used in classifying organisms, below the class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is genus?

    <p>A principal taxonomic category that ranks above species and below family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a species?

    <p>A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of interbreeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is kingdom in taxonomy?

    <p>A taxonomic category of almost the highest rank, grouping all forms of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a family in taxonomy?

    <p>One of the eight major taxonomic ranks; classified between order and genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a eukaryote?

    <p>An organism consisting of cells with DNA in the form of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an autotroph?

    <p>An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a heterotroph?

    <p>An organism that cannot manufacture its own food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is taxonomy?

    <p>The science of classifying living things</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What language is used for classifying organisms?

    <p>Latin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of a scientific name?

    <p>The first word is capitalized (genus) and the second is lowercase (species)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Aristotle?

    <p>The first person to classify living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is Carolus Linnaeus?

    <p>The father of modern taxonomy, grouped organisms by structural similarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an animal?

    <p>Multicellular, heterotrophic, lack a cell wall, and have eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 8 levels of classification?

    <p>Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientific name for man?

    <p>Homo sapiens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are homologous structures?

    <p>Structures in different species that are similar due to common ancestry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are analogous structures?

    <p>Similar structures due to adaptations from similar evolutionary pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is convergent evolution?

    <p>The mechanism that leads to similar adaptations in unrelated organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are vestigial structures?

    <p>A historical remnant of a structure with little use in a modern organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>A branching tree-like depiction of organisms' evolutionary history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does phylogeny refer to?

    <p>The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are synapomorphies?

    <p>Shared characteristics used to describe organism relationships on a cladogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dichotomous key?

    <p>A key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a gas bladder?

    <p>Organ that allows fish to be buoyant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dorsal fin?

    <p>An unpaired fin on the back of a fish or whale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the caudal fin?

    <p>Tail fin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the operculum?

    <p>Flap that covers the gills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pelvic fin?

    <p>Paired fins positioned in the ventral, posterior portion of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pectoral fin?

    <p>Fins situated on either side just behind a fish's head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lateral line?

    <p>Nervous sensory system that detects vibrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do freshwater fish do during osmoregulation?

    <p>Take on too much water and the kidney works to get rid of excess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do saltwater fish need to do during osmoregulation?

    <p>Constantly drink water and their urine is concentrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Chondrichthyes?

    <p>Fish with a cartilaginous endoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Osteichthyes?

    <p>Fish with a bony endoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Sarcopterygii?

    <p>Bony fish with lobed fins, closest relatives to land vertebrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Actinopterygii?

    <p>Bony fish with ray fins, which includes most species today</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Perciformes?

    <p>The largest fish order containing upwards of 10,000 species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ampullae of Lorenzini?

    <p>An electrical current sensory organ in the snout of cartilaginous fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nictitating membrane?

    <p>A protective eyelid that some species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds have</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are tetrapods?

    <p>Vertebrates that live on land such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are placoid scales?

    <p>The hard teeth-like scales of cartilaginous fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diadromy?

    <p>Fishes that move between fresh and saltwater to complete their lifecycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symbiotic relationship?

    <p>The relationship between two species that live in close association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mutualism?

    <p>A relationship between two species in which both benefit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commensalism?

    <p>A relationship where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is parasitism?

    <p>A relationship where one species benefits and the other is harmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 4 characteristics of chordates?

    <p>A notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Taxonomic Classification

    • Class Amphibia includes frogs, toads, newts, salamanders, and caecilians.
    • Order Anura encompasses frogs and toads, while Order Urodela includes salamanders and newts.
    • Order Gymnophiona is characterized by caecilians, Order Crocodilia includes crocodiles, alligators, gharials, and caimans.
    • Order Testudines contains turtles and tortoises; Order Rhynchocephalia is represented by tuataras.
    • Class Reptilia consists of snakes, lizards, crocodilians, turtles, extinct dinosaurs, and birds.

    Anatomical Features

    • Plastron refers to the ventral part of a turtle shell; Carapace is the dorsal part.
    • Amniotic eggs, present in reptiles, birds, and some mammals, have specialized layers: amnion for embryo protection, allantois for waste storage, chorion for gas exchange, and yolk sac for nutrients.

    Physiological Characteristics

    • Lizards, snakes, and turtles possess a three-chambered heart with a partially separated ventricle.
    • Amphibians also have a three-chambered heart, while crocodilians possess a four-chambered heart.
    • Amphibians utilize skin, lungs, and gills (in youth) for respiration; reptiles breathe only through lungs.

    Skin and Adaptations

    • Amphibians have wet, mucous-covered skin without scales; reptiles feature dry, water-tight scales.
    • Paedomorphic/Neotenic refers to organisms retaining juvenile features into adulthood.
    • Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction seen in certain reptiles and amphibians.

    Reproductive Processes

    • Copulation is the physical act of mating; fertilization can be internal or external.
    • Metamorphosis involves significant body form changes during growth.

    Special Features in Animals

    • Jacobson's organ in snakes aids in sensing airborne chemicals; heat-sensing pits help nocturnal hunting in certain reptiles.
    • The giant Japanese salamander is the largest amphibian; the Komodo dragon is the largest lizard.
    • The leatherback sea turtle ranks as the largest turtle, while the Nile and saltwater crocodiles are the largest reptiles.

    Fish Classification and Adaptations

    • Phylum Chordata includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals; Chondrichthyes refers to cartilaginous fish while Osteichthyes includes bony fish.
    • Sarcopterygii are lobe-finned fish, closest to land vertebrates; Actinopterygii are ray-finned fish.
    • The lateral line is a sensory system in fish for detecting vibrations; gas bladders aid buoyancy.

    Ecology and Relationships

    • Diadromy describes fish migrating between freshwater and saltwater.
    • Symbiotic relationships can be mutualism (both benefit), commensalism (one benefits, the other unaffected), or parasitism (one benefits, the other harmed).

    Taxonomy and Evolution

    • Binomial nomenclature is the two-part naming system for organisms, e.g., Panthera leo.
    • Cladograms visualize relationships based on traits, while phylogenetic trees illustrate evolutionary histories.
    • Synapomorphies are shared traits that indicate relationships among species.
    • Vestigial structures are remnants of ancestral features, like the human coccyx.

    Taxonomic Hierarchy

    • The eight levels of biological classification from broadest to most specific are: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
    • Carolus Linnaeus is recognized as the father of modern taxonomy, classifying organisms based on structural similarities.

    General Characteristics of Chordates

    • Chordates exhibit four primary characteristics: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.

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