Airway Management Fundamentals Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What action should you take if a 19-year-old female is found unconscious and begins to gag violently while an oropharyngeal airway is inserted?

  • Select a smaller oropharyngeal airway and attempt to insert it
  • Insert the airway no further but leave it in place as a bite block
  • Remove the airway and be prepared to suction her oropharynx (correct)
  • Continue to insert the airway as you suction her oropharynx

    • What is the physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs called?

  • Ventilation (correct)
  • Diffusion
  • Respiration
  • Oxygenation

    • What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult at rest?

  • 22 and 24 breaths/min
  • 8 and 15 breaths/min
  • 12 and 20 breaths/min (correct)
  • 10 and 18 breaths/min

    • What process combines nutrients and oxygen in the cell to produce energy and waste products?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate treatment for a conscious adult with a foreign body airway obstruction who is coughing?

    <p>Encouraging him to cough and transporting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the respiratory system does the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?

    <p>Alveolar sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would NOT cause a decrease in tidal volume?

    <p>Deep respirations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most serious complication associated with using a nasopharyngeal airway in a patient with head or facial trauma?

    <p>Penetrating the cranium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alveolar minute volume of a patient with a tidal volume of 500 mL, a dead space volume of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min?

    Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure located superior to the larynx?

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    While performing bag-mask ventilations, what percentage of oxygen are you delivering with a flow rate set at 15 L/min?

    <p>Nearly 100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tidal volume is defined as the volume of air that:

    <p>Moves into or out of the lungs in a single breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the capillary blood called?

    <p>External respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary waste product of aerobic metabolism?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intrapulmonary shunting occurs when:

    <p>Blood coming from the right side of the heart bypasses nonfunctional alveoli and returns to the left side of the heart in an unoxygenated state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would cause an increase in the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide?

    <p>Increased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To prevent air from escaping when ventilating a patient with a stoma, you should:

    <p>Seal the mouth and nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nasal cannula is MOST appropriately used in the prehospital setting:

    <p>When the patient cannot tolerate a nonrebreathing mask</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prior to applying a nonrebreathing mask to a patient, you must ensure that the:

    <p>Reservoir bag is fully inflated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An unconscious patient found in a prone position must be placed in a supine position in case he or she:

    <p>Requires CPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When ventilating an apneic woman with a bag-mask device, if her dentures are now loose but ventilations are producing adequate chest rise, you should:

    <p>Remove her dentures, resume ventilations, and assess for adequate chest rise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The MOST significant complication associated with oropharyngeal suctioning is:

    <p>Hypoxia due to prolonged suction attempts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following patients would MOST likely require insertion of an oropharyngeal airway?

    <p>A 40-year-old unconscious patient with slow, shallow respirations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Your protocols state that during the first few minutes of working on a cardiac arrest patient, you should provide passive ventilation. This means that you will:

    <p>Allow recoil of the chest between compressions to draw air into the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nasopharyngeal airway is inserted:

    <p>Into the larger nostril with the tip pointing away from the septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You are caring for a critically injured patient who is unresponsive and apneic. After repositioning the mask several times, you are unable to effectively ventilate the patient. You should:

    <p>Insert an oropharyngeal airway and reattempt ventilations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding breathing adequacy is correct?

    <p>Patients breathing shallowly may require assisted ventilation despite a normal respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____ cartilage is a firm ring that forms the inferior part of the larynx.

    <p>cricoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CPAP is indicated for patients who:

    <p>Have pulmonary edema and can follow verbal commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding positive-pressure ventilation is correct?

    <p>With positive-pressure ventilation, more volume is required to have the same effects as normal breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoxia is MOST accurately defined as:

    <p>Inadequate oxygen to the tissues and cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Without adequate oxygen, the body's cells:

    <p>Incompletely convert glucose into energy, and lactic acid accumulates in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 51-year-old female patient presents with a sudden onset of difficulty breathing. She is conscious and alert and able to speak in complete sentences. Her respirations are 22 breaths/min and regular. You should:

    <p>Administer oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To select the proper size oropharyngeal airway, you should measure from the:

    <p>Corner of the mouth to the earlobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The jaw-thrust maneuver is used to open the airway of patients with suspected:

    <p>Cervical spine injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the presence of oxygen, the cells convert glucose into energy through a process called:

    <p>Aerobic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In contrast to inhalation, exhalation:

    <p>Is a passive process caused by increased intrathoracic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nasopharyngeal airway is MOST beneficial because it:

    <p>Can maintain a patent airway in a semiconscious patient with a gag reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following patients would the head tilt-chin lift maneuver be the MOST appropriate method of opening the airway?

    <p>A 37-year-old female who is found unconscious in her bed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A man was found unresponsive in his bed at home. There is no evidence of injury, and the patient's medical history is not known. The patient's face is cherry red, yet the pulse oximeter reads 98%. Which of the following would MOST likely explain this?

    <p>Carbon monoxide poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which of the following conditions would the EMT most likely administer humidified oxygen?

    <p>Croup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As the single EMT managing an apneic patient's airway, the preferred initial method of providing ventilations is the:

    <p>Mouth-to-mask technique with a one-way valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhalation occurs when the:

    <p>Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and cause a decrease in intrathoracic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During your assessment of a patient with respiratory distress, you hear wheezing when listening to breath sounds. This indicates:

    <p>A lower airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proper technique for suctioning the oropharynx of an adult patient includes:

    <p>Suctioning while withdrawing the catheter from the oropharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When testing a mechanical suctioning unit, you should turn on the device, clamp the tubing, and ensure that it generates a vacuum pressure of more than:

    <p>300 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following will help minimize the risk of gastric distension when ventilating an apneic patient with a bag-mask device, EXCEPT:

    <p>Increasing the amount of delivered tidal volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of the pin-indexing system for compressed gas cylinders is to:

    <p>Ensure that the correct regulator is used for the cylinder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CPAP improve oxygenation and ventilation in patients with certain respiratory problems?

    <p>It forces the alveoli open and increases the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You are ventilating a 40-year-old uninjured man who is apneic but has a pulse. When your partner reassesses his blood pressure, she notes that he has decreased significantly from previous readings. You should:

    <p>Perform a head-to-toe assessment to look for signs of bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You and your partner are treating a 66-year-old man who experienced a sudden onset of respiratory distress. He is conscious but is unable to follow simple verbal commands. Further assessment reveals that his breathing is severely labored and his oxygen saturation is 80%. You should:

    <p>Assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does positive pressure ventilation affect cardiac output?

    <p>It increases intrathoracic pressure, which decreases venous return to the heart and causes a decrease in cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Central chemoreceptors located in the medulla provide feedback to increase the rate and depth of breathing when they sense:

    <p>Slight increases in carbon dioxide or a decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 23-year-old male experienced severe head trauma after his motorcycle collided with an oncoming truck. He is unconscious, has agonal gasps, and has copious bloody secretions in his mouth. How should you manage his airway?

    <p>Insert a nasopharyngeal airway and provide suction and assisted ventilations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Airway Management Fundamentals

    • Intrapulmonary shunting occurs when blood bypasses nonfunctional alveoli, returning unoxygenated to the heart.
    • Increased cardiac output leads to more exhaled carbon dioxide while excessive ventilation can cause CO2 accumulation.

    Ventilation Techniques

    • When ventilating a patient with a stoma, sealing mouth and nose is crucial to prevent air escaping.
    • Nasal cannulas are appropriate for patients who can’t tolerate nonrebreathing masks, especially in emergency situations.

    Airway Management Devices

    • Proper function of a nonrebreathing mask requires a fully inflated reservoir bag and correct flow rate, ideally set above 10 L/min.
    • Oropharyngeal airways are vital for unconscious patients with compromised airways and should be inserted from the corner of the mouth to the earlobe.

    Procedures During Emergencies

    • An unconscious patient in a prone position should be rolled to supine for potential CPR.
    • Any ventilation attempts on an apneic patient should prioritize re-opening the airway, sometimes necessitating the use of an oropharyngeal airway.

    Breathing and Oxygenation Assessments

    • Clinical signs of hypoxia include inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues; assessment of respiratory patterns is critical.
    • The effective exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide primarily takes place in the alveolar sacs.

    Positive Pressure Ventilation Insights

    • CPAP helps prevent alveolar collapse, enhancing oxygenation by maintaining lung expansion.
    • Positive pressure ventilation typically reduces cardiac output due to increased intrathoracic pressure.

    Airway Clearance Techniques

    • The jaw-thrust maneuver is specifically used for patients with suspected cervical spine injuries to maintain airway patency.
    • Continuous suctioning is recommended while withdrawing the catheter to ensure effective airway clearance.

    Monitoring Patient Conditions

    • A notable increase in heart rate while using CPAP may indicate patient distress, necessitating closer monitoring.
    • Patients showing signs of respiratory distress with low oxygen saturation levels must be provided immediate oxygen supplementation.

    Key Anatomical and Physiological Points

    • The cricoid cartilage serves as the firm foundation of the larynx, critical in maintaining airway structure.
    • Normal adult respiratory rates range from 12 to 20 breaths/min, with shallow or agonal breathing indicating the need for intervention.

    Special Considerations for Oxygen Management

    • Specific conditions, such as croup, necessitate the administration of humidified oxygen to alleviate symptoms.
    • Hemoglobin saturation readings can be misleading, such as in carbon monoxide poisoning where skin appearance may misrepresent true oxygen levels.

    Techniques for Managing Respiratory Emergencies

    • Use the appropriate size for oral airways, measuring from mouth corner to earlobe, ensuring effective airway maintenance.
    • Encouraging a conscious patient with a foreign body obstruction to cough can clear the airway without aggressive force.

    Understanding Gas Exchange Dynamics

    • Metabolism in the presence of oxygen involves aerobic processes that convert glucose into energy.
    • In contrast, inadequate oxygen leads to anaerobic metabolism, resulting in lactic acid buildup and overall body stress.

    Observational Signs Indicating Airway Issues

    • Wheezing as a breath sound suggests lower airway obstruction requiring further investigation.
    • The physical act of moving air, known as ventilation, is central to respiratory function and patient care in emergencies.### Nasopharyngeal Airway Complications
    • In cases of head or facial trauma, the most serious risk of using a nasopharyngeal airway is penetrating the cranium.

    Alveolar Minute Volume Calculation

    • To calculate alveolar minute volume:
      • Tidal Volume = 500 mL
      • Dead Space Volume = 150 mL
      • Respiratory Rate = 16 breaths/min
      • Formula = (Tidal Volume - Dead Space Volume) x Respiratory Rate.

    Structure Above the Larynx

    • The epiglottis is located superior to the larynx, serving a crucial role in preventing food and liquid from entering the airway.

    Bag-Mask Ventilation and Oxygen Delivery

    • With a flow rate of 15 L/min, bag-mask ventilation delivers nearly 100% oxygen to the patient, ensuring effective oxygenation.

    Definition of Tidal Volume

    • Tidal volume is defined as the volume of air that moves into or out of the lungs in a single breath, crucial for assessing respiratory function.

    External Respiration Process

    • The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and capillary blood is known as external respiration, vital for maintaining gas exchange in the body.

    Aerobic Metabolism Waste Product

    • The primary waste product produced during aerobic metabolism is carbon dioxide, which is a critical factor in respiratory and metabolic processes.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on airway management fundamentals and ventilation techniques. This quiz covers essential information on intrapulmonary shunting, proper use of airway devices, and emergency procedures. Perfect for healthcare professionals and students in medical fields.

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