B-09 HUMAN FACTORS

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Questions and Answers

What has been the trend in the causes of airplane accidents over time?

The majority of accidents today are attributed to human error rather than machine failure. (correct)

Accidents have always been primarily due to human error.

The percentage of accidents due to machine failure has increased significantly.

Human error caused more accidents in the early years than it does today.

What percentage of maintenance failures is estimated to involve human factors according to the FAA?

80% (correct)

70%

50%

30%

In a study of major accidents, what was the percentage of accidents attributed to maintenance and inspection factors?

10%

12% (correct)

15%

Which statement best describes the current primary cause of airplane accidents?

Human error is responsible for the majority of accidents today. Signup and view all the answers

What was the historical distribution of causes of airplane accidents concerning human error and machine failures?

80% machine failures, 20% human error Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical audible frequency range for a young person?

20 to 20,000 Hz Signup and view all the answers

Which sound frequency is noted to have the greatest sensitivity for the ear?

3,000 Hz Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of workplace noise on communication?

Masks warning signals Signup and view all the answers

What type of noise is considered more disruptive overall?

Intermittent sudden noise Signup and view all the answers

How is sound intensity commonly measured?

Decibels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an effect of noise in the workplace?

Enhances overall job satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What primarily measures the volume of sound?

Intensity in decibels Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential long-term effect of excessive noise exposure?

Permanent hearing damage Signup and view all the answers

What does Murphy-proofing involve in the context of connectors?

Replacing connectors with those that have different sizes or shapes. Signup and view all the answers

How can complacency in aircraft maintenance be addressed effectively?

By promoting a culture of constructive worrying. Signup and view all the answers

According to past human factors research, how are maintenance-related errors characterized?

They fall into recurrent patterns shaped by specific factors. Signup and view all the answers

What underlying issue can lead to accidents in organizations with a long history of safety?

A heightened sense of complacency. Signup and view all the answers

What should be the focus to proactively improve safety conditions in maintenance environments?

Constantly revising improvement strategies. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does organizational pressure have on maintenance work?

It can contribute to maintenance-related errors. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it misleading to believe accidents happen only to irresponsible individuals?

Errors occur due to a variety of design and environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

What can be the consequence of a long absence of workplace incidents?

It can result in a false sense of security. Signup and view all the answers

What does the error chain represent in the context of incidents and accidents?

A series of events that allow errors to progress Signup and view all the answers

How can an organization break the error chain and prevent incidents?

By enhancing inspection methods and improving procedures Signup and view all the answers

In the 'Swiss Cheese' Model, what does the cheese represent?

Layers of defence against hazards Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the holes in the layers of defence align in the 'Swiss Cheese' Model?

An incident or accident is likely to occur Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to breaking the error chain?

Increased complacency in training Signup and view all the answers

What role do deficiencies represented by holes in the Swiss cheese layers play in accident causation?

They allow hazards to approach unintended consequences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the error chain is true?

Preventive measures can break the error chain Signup and view all the answers

In the context of incident causation, why are barriers important?

They serve as defenses against potential errors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of studying human factors in aircraft maintenance?

To reduce human errors that lead to operational incidents Signup and view all the answers

How does human factors training for maintenance personnel differ from Crew Resource Management training?

It is adapted to the unique environment of maintenance tasks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'human factors'?

The study of human capabilities and limitations in the workplace Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant realization regarding human error beyond flight crew and cabin crew?

Other roles in aviation, such as maintenance, are also prone to errors Signup and view all the answers

What type of resource management training was originally designed for pilots in the 1970s?

Crew Resource Management (CRM) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to adapt human factors training for different aviation roles?

Each role has unique tasks, resources, and conditions Signup and view all the answers

In studying human factors, which interaction is crucial for understanding maintenance incidents?

Interaction between maintenance personnel and aviation technology Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is most effective in minimizing human error in aircraft maintenance?

Incorporate physical design changes that prevent incorrect actions Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of human reliability in the context of maintenance?

Human error cannot be completely eliminated despite training and support Signup and view all the answers

Which measure is primarily aimed at capturing human errors before they lead to harm?

Implementing intervention procedures and checks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Murphy-proofing in aircraft design?

To physically prevent errors in component reconnections Signup and view all the answers

In the study of human factors, what is considered the ideal goal?

To improve relationships between humans and their work environments Signup and view all the answers

Which element of the SHELL Model focuses specifically on the physical and psychological strengths and limitations of the individuals?

Liveware Signup and view all the answers

Which misinterpretation can occur due to poorly designed software in the SHELL Model?

Misinterpretation of procedures Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'E' in the SHELL Model represent?

Environment Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the SHELL Model is affected by the physical structure of aircraft and design issues?

Hardware Signup and view all the answers

How does the SHELL Model suggest that errors occur between its components?

By blurred or wavy lines indicating imperfect interfaces Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can contribute to discomfort in the workplace, according to the SHELL Model?

Extreme temperatures Signup and view all the answers

What is one way Liveware can negatively impact aircraft maintenance effectiveness?

Miscommunication among team members Signup and view all the answers

Which element of the SHELL Model primarily includes maintenance procedures and manuals?

Software Signup and view all the answers

What does complacency in aircraft maintenance often lead workers to believe?

Safety measures are unnecessary due to past experiences. Signup and view all the answers

How can making human factors issues relevant impact safety practices in organizations?

It encourages the recognition of potential risks. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception reflected by workers in organizations with a long safety history?

Accidents are less likely to happen because they haven't. Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of the belief that an accident will never happen to a company?

Complacency and lack of awareness of risks. Signup and view all the answers

What can people often overlook as a result of complacency regarding safety in the workplace?

Potential dangers or defects. Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice to minimize errors during complex maintenance tasks?

Offer detailed checklists for workers to follow Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has been shown to influence the likelihood of maintenance-related errors?

The complexity of the task and situation Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is highlighted about human errors in the context of maintenance?

The best people can make the worst mistakes Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to avoid interrupting workers during complex tasks?

To prevent distractions that could lead to increased error risk Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable context in which human limitations in maintenance are evident?

Carrying out inspections at night when fatigue is more likely Signup and view all the answers

What physiological limitation can affect human performance in aircraft maintenance?

Mental fatigue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting human performance according to the provided content?

Mechanical failure Signup and view all the answers

How can human performance degradation be described in relation to maintenance work?

It can lead to errors and affect safety. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a consequence of human performance limitations in aircraft maintenance?

Increased likelihood of accidents Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential reason for understanding human factors in the maintenance engineering system?

To ensure the safety of aircraft operations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the visual acuity of the eye?

Hearing ability of the observer Signup and view all the answers

What is visual acuity primarily concerned with?

The ability to discriminate sharp detail Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factor can greatly limit visual clarity?

Clarity of the air Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a nature of the object that can affect visual acuity?

Surface texture of the object Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the physical factors that can limit visual acuity?

Age of the viewer Signup and view all the answers

What optical condition is characterized by a blurred vision for close objects due to a shorter than normal eyeball?

Long sightedness Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lens is used to correct short sightedness by bending light outwards?

Concave lens Signup and view all the answers

What is presbyopia primarily associated with?

Loss of lens flexibility with age Signup and view all the answers

What visual imperfection is characterized by clouding of the lens and can lead to blurred vision?

Cataracts Signup and view all the answers

What visual deficiency occurs at the point where the optic nerve enters the retina?

Blind spot Signup and view all the answers

How does looking slightly to the side of an object improve vision at night?

It improves the ability to identify faint lights. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common visual problem associated with ageing?

Progressive yellowing of the lens. Signup and view all the answers

What is parallax error primarily caused by?

Reading an instrument from an angle. Signup and view all the answers

Why is good color vision particularly important for aircraft maintenance engineers?

To differentiate between various components and wires. Signup and view all the answers

What can poor central vision at night lead to for those with previously good daytime vision?

Night myopia with unaware recognition. Signup and view all the answers

What type of lighting is essential for conducting aircraft inspection tasks?

Supplementary lighting as needed. Signup and view all the answers

Which drug-related issue can significantly impair vision?

Smoking cigarettes. Signup and view all the answers

What visual issue is often exacerbated when an object is viewed from an angle?

Reduced clarity of the object viewed. Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if an individual does not regularly assess their vision for maintenance tasks?

They may continue to work with deteriorating vision. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of vibrations on visibility?

Vibrations can obscure the view of the object. Signup and view all the answers

How does glare affect vision, especially in older individuals?

Glare can reduce visual clarity and is more problematic for older individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended method to improve focus in low light conditions?

Look slightly to one side of the object. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum recommended wear time for contact lenses under normal circumstances?

8 to 12 hours. Signup and view all the answers

Why might airborne particles impact vision for individuals wearing spectacles?

Spectacles can become fogged or dirty, blocking visibility. Signup and view all the answers

How does the size of an object influence visual perception?

Smaller objects are perceived as closer than they really are. Signup and view all the answers

What condition is particularly problematic for vision when moving from bright to dim environments?

Temporary reduction in visual clarity until eyes adapt. Signup and view all the answers

What visual phenomenon can occur when an object does not stand out well against its background?

Difficulty distinguishing the object's edges and shape. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of excessively dry or dusty environments on contact lens wear?

Potential for dryness and irritation of the eyes. Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the greatest sensitivity frequency range of the human ear?

3000 Hz Signup and view all the answers

How can loud sound exposure affect the hair-like cells in the inner ear?

They are pushed over and take time to recover Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary factors that influences the degree of hearing impairment due to noise exposure?

Duration of noise exposure Signup and view all the answers

What type of hearing loss can result from exposure to loud sounds in a short duration?

Temporary hearing loss Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about noise in the workplace is true?

High-frequency noise has a more adverse effect on performance than lower frequency noise. Signup and view all the answers

What can be a long-term effect of sustained exposure to high noise levels?

Permanent hearing loss Signup and view all the answers

How is the intensity of sound measured?

Decibels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects can noise have in a workplace setting?

Increase in workplace accidents Signup and view all the answers

What is presbycusis?

A condition where hearing deteriorates naturally with age. Signup and view all the answers

Which noise level requires the use of hearing protection according to workplace safety norms?

Above 115 dB Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the ears and noise?

Constant noise exposure builds resistance in the ears. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum noise reduction achievable with earmuffs?

40 dB Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended practice when employees are exposed to high noise levels?

Provide protective gear and train employees on its usage. Signup and view all the answers

What does regular exposure to high noise levels potentially cause?

Permanent damage to cochlear cells. Signup and view all the answers

How can noise levels in the workplace be effectively managed?

By moving the source of the noise or reducing it at the source. Signup and view all the answers

Why might ear protection devices interfere with communication?

They alter the way sound frequencies are perceived. Signup and view all the answers

How long is visual information stored in iconic memory?

0.5 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Which memory is used to store sounds for a longer duration compared to iconic memory?

Echoic memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sensory memory in processing information?

To provide a brief retention of physical stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What enables us to remember a sentence rather than just a series of disconnected words?

Sensory stores Signup and view all the answers

How does sensory memory primarily benefit our perception of visual and auditory information?

It provides a temporary storage to process the stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the ability to focus on one source while still being aware of other inputs?

Selective attention Signup and view all the answers

What effect describes the phenomenon of being able to hear one's name mentioned in a conversation across the room?

Cocktail party effect Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attention refers to multitasking where one task typically suffers due to the demands of another?

Divided attention Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that can both enhance and impair attention?

Arousal level Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the ability to maintain attention over prolonged periods on a single task?

Sustained attention Signup and view all the answers

Which form of attention is primarily about avoiding distractions when focusing on one specific source?

Focused attention Signup and view all the answers

What is a key downside of selective attention when multiple inputs are present?

Distraction from irrelevant stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT typically associated with selective attention?

Focusing on multiple tasks Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of perception in the context of sensory data?

To transform data into a meaningful mental representation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes situational awareness?

Understanding the relationship between oneself and the environment Signup and view all the answers

What factors are essential for effective decision-making?

Recognizing stimuli and creating alternate actions Signup and view all the answers

How can incorrect decision-making sometimes be beneficial?

It is often considered a learning opportunity through productive failure Signup and view all the answers

Why is it dangerous to rely solely on existing knowledge and prior experience in decision-making?

It may lead to overconfidence and neglect of current context Signup and view all the answers

In decision-making, what role do written procedures and manuals play?

They can supplement decision-making skills and provide clarity Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the perceptual process when viewing an object?

The image is inverted and two-dimensional until processed Signup and view all the answers

How does situational awareness contribute to safe driving?

It enables a driver to anticipate the actions of others based on their understanding of the environment Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of decision-making is closely aligned with problem-solving?

Generating alternative courses of action based on available information Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the feedback received after an action is taken in decision-making?

It helps to refine future judgment based on past experiences Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main processes that memory depends on?

Registration, Storage, Retrieval Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of short-term memory when storing new information?

10 to 20 seconds Signup and view all the answers

How many items of information can short-term memory hold at once, based on Miller's law?

7 ± 2 Signup and view all the answers

Which form of memory has an unlimited capacity for storage?

Long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of ultra-short-term memory?

Up to 2 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding short-term memory?

It is often referred to as working memory. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is primarily engaged when recalling personal experiences?

Long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What technique can extend the duration of information retention in short-term memory?

Chunking the information Signup and view all the answers

What can influence a maintenance worker's judgment during aircraft inspections?

Previous inspection results Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of consistently not finding issues during inspections?

Complacency in conducting inspections Signup and view all the answers

Why is relying on memory not advisable in aircraft maintenance?

Memory may not accurately retain all necessary information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about human memory is true?

Memory can be difficult to retrieve due to interference Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon demonstrates how expectations can affect perception?

The Müller-Lyer illusion Signup and view all the answers

What is a suggested strategy to combat complacency among maintenance workers?

Remind themselves of the possibility of finding defects Signup and view all the answers

How can human limitations in memory manifest during maintenance activities?

As short-term memory failures impacting decision-making Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to ensure critical information is retained and accessible in aircraft maintenance?

Regularly consulting approved manuals and documents Signup and view all the answers

What common error might occur when maintenance workers scan documents quickly?

Overlooking critical procedural updates Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to a failure in retaining necessary information during maintenance tasks?

Confusion with unrelated data Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of semantic memory?

It consists of general factual knowledge about the world. Signup and view all the answers

How does episodic memory differ from semantic memory?

Episodic memory relates to specific events from personal experience. Signup and view all the answers

What is a motor program in the context of skills acquisition?

An automatic routine developed through repeated practice. Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential aspect of situational awareness in aircraft maintenance?

Awareness of the entire maintenance team's actions. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes most to effective situational awareness?

Utilizing reference materials and manuals. Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to incorrect conclusions in information processing?

Filling in gaps with personal knowledge or experience. Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is situational awareness particularly critical?

During complex or high-stakes maintenance tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What is one major limitation of human information processing?

The tendency to overlook some sensed data. Signup and view all the answers

How can feedback improve situational awareness?

By helping one understand the accuracy of their mental models. Signup and view all the answers

What is typically a focus when training maintenance personnel in human factors?

Understanding the impact of teamwork and communication. Signup and view all the answers

Why can proficiency in a skill create issues with situational awareness?

Skilled individuals may overlook changes in their environment. Signup and view all the answers

What does good situational awareness in aircraft maintenance ensure?

Anticipation of potential issues affecting safety. Signup and view all the answers

What can enhance an aircraft maintenance engineer's decision-making process?

Integrating current information and predictive understanding. Signup and view all the answers

What issue can arise from deficiencies in attention and perception?

Loss of crucial information during tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of individual responsibility in aircraft maintenance?

Ensures that individuals understand assigned tasks Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary disadvantage of emphasizing individual responsibility in aircraft maintenance?

It can neglect the significance of team collaboration Signup and view all the answers

Who must be nominated in a Part 145 maintenance organization to ensure accountability?

Accountable Manager and Responsible Manager Signup and view all the answers

How is responsibility typically viewed in the aircraft maintenance environment?

Solely as an individual responsibility Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of the Accountable Manager in aircraft maintenance?

They oversee the operation and formulate policy Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for ensuring the success of an aircraft maintenance team?

Clear communication and teamwork among team members Signup and view all the answers

In the context of aircraft maintenance, what does the term 'responsible' imply?

Being liable to be called to account for actions Signup and view all the answers

What could be a consequence of a strong focus on individual responsibility in the maintenance field?

Increased likelihood of overlooking team dynamics Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential disadvantage of group responsibility in a team environment?

Diffusion of responsibility leading to inaction Signup and view all the answers

What must organizations approved under EASA Part 145 and CASR Part 145 ensure regarding their staff?

Competence must be established for every person in the organization Signup and view all the answers

How does group polarisation affect team decision-making?

It results in more extreme decisions than those of individual members Signup and view all the answers

What role do maintenance records and work sheets play in the maintenance process?

They provide traceability of individual responsibilities Signup and view all the answers

What is a recognized phenomenon related to social loafing in team work?

Lessened responsibility felt by individuals in group tasks Signup and view all the answers

What responsibility does a certifying Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (AME) have?

To ensure that work is performed in a satisfactory manner Signup and view all the answers

What is intergroup conflict in a team setting?

A cohesive subgroup acting against another team Signup and view all the answers

What is the main implication of the statement that individuals can feel less responsible in group situations?

It may hinder individual accountability in safety Signup and view all the answers

What type of motivation focuses on individuals doing tasks because they want to?

Intrinsic motivation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about external motivation is true?

It relies on providing rewards and punishments. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of punishing individuals who are intrinsically motivated?

It can be counterproductive. Signup and view all the answers

What is generally considered more effective for employee motivation?

Intrinsically motivated efforts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes internal motivation?

Motivation driven by personal interests and desires. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs emphasizes regarding the satisfaction of needs?

Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is associated with intrinsic motivation?

Middle to higher-level needs Signup and view all the answers

How might tiredness influence the behavior of shift workers according to Maslow's theory?

It decreases the importance of personal satisfaction. Signup and view all the answers

What role does financial motivation play in the context of basic needs for aircraft maintenance workers?

It addresses their basic physical and psychological needs. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the relationship between lower-level and higher-level needs in Maslow’s framework?

Fulfillment of lower-level needs enhances the pursuit of higher-level goals. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is primarily associated with a motivated person?

Readiness to accept change Signup and view all the answers

What behavior would likely be exhibited by a de-motivated person?

Resists change without justification Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is NOT indicative of a motivated person?

Displays apathy towards their work Signup and view all the answers

What might a motivated person be willing to do that a de-motivated person typically would not?

Accept responsibility for outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best contrasts the characteristics of motivated and de-motivated individuals?

Motivated individuals are cooperative, whereas de-motivated show no cooperation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the legal responsibility of aircraft maintenance workers regarding their fitness for work?

They must ensure they are fit for duty each day. Signup and view all the answers

Under CASR Part-66.150, under what condition does a licensed AME commit an offence?

If they know they have a medically significant condition. Signup and view all the answers

What factors can degrade day-to-day fitness and health?

Toxins and other foreign substances. Signup and view all the answers

What must certifying staff do under EASA Part 66 if they suspect their condition renders them unfit?

Stop exercising their certification privileges. Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditions can affect day-to-day fitness?

Physical and mental illnesses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended minimum duration of exercise for maintaining fitness?

20 minutes three times a week Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of a well-balanced diet that contributes to fitness?

Regular meals Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum alcohol intake recommended per week for men?

28 units Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is advised to avoid for maintaining health?

Smoking Signup and view all the answers

How can day-to-day health and fitness be negatively influenced?

Use of medication Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of REM sleep?

Brain activity resembles that of an awake individual. Signup and view all the answers

During which sleep stage is it most difficult to awaken an individual?

Stage 4 Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Stage 1 sleep is true?

It is a transitional phase from wakefulness to sleep. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes occur as a person progresses from Stage 1 to Stage 4 sleep?

Decreased brain activity and relaxation of muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of Stage 3 sleep?

The person is largely unresponsive to external stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the cycle for circadian rhythms in humans?

25 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factor significantly influences circadian rhythms?

Light Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the disruption of the body's internal clock due to time zone change?

Circadian dysrhythmia Signup and view all the answers

At what time is the human body temperature typically at its lowest, making it hardest to stay awake?

4 to 6 o'clock in the morning Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological process remains unchanged even if normal sleep-wake patterns are disrupted?

Circadian rhythm for body temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the DAMP program mandated by CASA under CASR Part 99?

Informing, monitoring and caring for employees regarding alcohol and drug use Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a required component of the DAMP program as stipulated by CASR Part 99?

Drug and alcohol financial management program Signup and view all the answers

What responsibility do organizations have under the CASR Part 99 regulations?

To establish an organization-specific drug and alcohol policy Signup and view all the answers

In addition to the drug and alcohol response program, which other program is essential according to CASR Part 99?

Drug and alcohol education program Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the drug and alcohol testing program within the DAMP program?

To monitor and ensure safety-sensitive activities are carried out without impairment Signup and view all the answers

What does EASA Part-145 AMC 145.25(c) require regarding the working environment for maintenance personnel?

It should be effective enough to allow personnel to perform tasks comfortably. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition does EASA Part-145 state could lead to the suspension of maintenance tasks?

Poor environmental conditions such as extreme cold or moisture. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus outlined in EASA Part-145 regarding the working environment?

Ensuring tasks can be carried out without undue distraction. Signup and view all the answers

According to EASA Part-145, which environmental factor is NOT mentioned as potentially impacting maintenance tasks?

Strong visual distractions from outside. Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken when the environmental conditions deteriorate significantly during maintenance?

Immediately suspend maintenance or inspection tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What frequency range is most problematic for vibration that affects the human body?

0.5 Hz to 20 Hz Signup and view all the answers

Which tool type is likely to produce vibrations associated with Vibratory-induced White Finger (VWF) Syndrome?

Oscillating pneumatic tools Signup and view all the answers

What is one health impact of continuous vibration exposure for aircraft maintenance workers?

Detrimental effect on internal organs Signup and view all the answers

What purpose do kidney belts serve for maintenance staff working near low-frequency vibration sources?

To reduce the effect of vibration on internal organs Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with frequent use of tools that generate vibration within the troublesome frequency range?

Vibratory-induced White Finger (VWF) Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a requirement for the working environment according to EASA regulations?

It must support personnel effectiveness without impairment. Signup and view all the answers

What temperature-related condition must be maintained in maintenance facilities according to CASA standards?

Comfortable temperature based on current weather conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following facility requirements is NOT specified by CASA Part 145 Manual of Standards?

Use of high-ceiling structures. Signup and view all the answers

What environmental factor can negatively affect maintenance work according to the guidelines?

Undue noise distraction. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of maintaining appropriate facility conditions in aircraft maintenance?

To ensure personnel work effectiveness and safety. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following topics is crucial to cover during a managers’/supervisors’ handover meeting?

Health and safety issues Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential consideration concerning personnel status during the handover meeting?

Licensing or authorisation coverage Signup and view all the answers

Which issue should be highlighted when discussing operational problems in the handover meeting?

Outstanding issues and status Signup and view all the answers

What critical factor regarding aircraft should be discussed at the meeting?

Scheduled aircraft incoming/departing Signup and view all the answers

Which type of data should be included during the handover for effective task completion?

ADs, SBs, and other data required for tasks Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes slips in task execution?

Failing to carry out the intended action properly Signup and view all the answers

Which type of error is primarily associated with memory lapses?

Lapse Signup and view all the answers

What accurately represents a mistake in the context of errors?

Doing something incorrectly while believing it to be right Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes violations from other types of errors?

They involve not following a prescribed procedure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is essential for preventing slips from occurring?

More training focused on understanding procedures Signup and view all the answers

At which stage do slips primarily occur?

Task execution stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that leads to lapses in tasks?

Mental distractions or forgetfulness Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies a violation?

Ignoring safety checks before operating machinery Signup and view all the answers

Which type of behavior relies on established routines or motor programs learned through practice?

Skill-based behaviour Signup and view all the answers

What type of behaviours require a maintenance worker to evaluate information and formulate a plan without an established procedure?

Knowledge-based behaviours Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates rule-based behaviour in aircraft maintenance?

Regular aircraft inspections Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is knowledge-based behaviour most likely to be used?

Responding to an unpredictable aircraft defect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately defines skill-based behaviour?

Executed automatically through learned motor programs Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a violation from an error in aviation maintenance?

A violation indicates a deliberate action against rules. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of violation is characterized by pressure or workload affecting decision-making?

Situational violations Signup and view all the answers

What factor increases the likelihood of violations occurring in aviation maintenance?

Time pressures and high workloads Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals typically assess the decision to violate safety protocols?

By weighing perceived risks against actual risks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes exceptional violations?

Violations arising from unique, unexpected situations Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely outcome of the traditional method of investigating errors by focusing on the employee?

Increased employee defensiveness and possible recurrence of errors Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is NOT part of the MEDA philosophy in error investigation?

Isolation of each error Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'blame and train' cycle affect future error prevention?

It often leads to the recurrence of the same errors. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major drawback of retraining employees after an error occurs?

It focuses too much on individual employee behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding that no error exists in isolation?

It highlights the complex interactions of factors contributing to errors. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a just culture in an organization?

Ensuring people feel safe to report errors without fear Signup and view all the answers

In a just culture, what happens when an employee makes an honest mistake?

The employer accepts liability for the mistake Signup and view all the answers

How does an organization differentiate between honest mistakes and violations?

Honest mistakes occur within employer's expectations, while violations occur outside them Signup and view all the answers

What is the responsibility of employees when they act outside their employer's expectations?

The individual takes on the liability for their actions Signup and view all the answers

What does a no-blame culture imply within the context of a just culture?

Only honest mistakes are considered non-punishable Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Module 09: Human Factors

This module covers human factors in the context of aircraft maintenance, including basic knowledge levels (1, 2, and 3) for Category B1 and B2 licences.
Level 1 knowledge involves familiarity with basic subject elements and simple descriptions.
Level 2 knowledge involves general understanding of theoretical and practical aspects of a subject and its application.
Level 3 knowledge involves a detailed understanding of the subject and its logical interrelationships with other subjects, advanced descriptions and the application of knowledge using manufacturer's instructions and measurements.
Human error and incidents are responsible for 80% of accidents, 20% are machine related failures.
Human factors consider the interaction amongst maintenance personnel, equipment, procedures, rules, and environmental conditions in the workplace.
The SHELL Model is a framework to clarify the interactions in a complex environment
The SHELL elements are: Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware, and Liveware (which is at the centre of the model)
The 'Swiss Cheese' Model is another framework that demonstrates how layered defences between hazards and accidents can be breached to cause accidents.
Murphy's Law states: If something can go wrong, it will.
The 'Murphy-proofing' is a strategy to avoid problems in situations that are likely to occur in a certain way.
'Constructive worrying' is used in the workplace to mitigate complacency; keeping a mindset that bad things can go wrong and preventing them.
Human errors in aircraft maintenance are not random. Patterns are apparent in errors.
Strategies for managing errors include looking at management, the workplace, the task, the team, and the individual.
Vision and hearing are crucial to workplace performance, and suitable equipment should be used.
Factors that affect clarity of vision include age, environmental factors, and the physical attributes of the object viewed.
Airborne particles like dust can affect vision or reduce clarity.
Ingestion of foreign substances such as alcohol, drugs and medications can adversely affect eyesight.
Hearing can also be affected by noise levels and prolonged exposure.
Information processing and attention/perception are important for efficient work.
The human information processing model shows the process from the senses receiving info to the output of decisions/actions.
Memory is also an important aspect of the job as there are limitations to short term and long term memory.
Mistakes, slips, lapses and violations are all part of human error; intentional and non-intentional errors.
The "just culture" considers the context of human error, and that mistakes don't always reflect a bad person, but rather unsafe conditions.
The importance of reporting errors, incidents, and near misses to improve safety.
Procedures and documentation are vital to ensure appropriate safety steps are followed to avoid errors.
Equipment, work areas, tasks, and safety attire are important aspects of workplace safety.
Managing risks and problems through various safety management practices including risk assessment.

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