Aircraft V Speeds and Control Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the maximum speed at which the landing gear can be safely extended?

220 kt

280 kt

230 kt

250 kt (correct)

Which of the following speeds represents the design flap speed?

200 kt (correct)

177 kt

185 kt

215 kt

What does VLE refer to in aviation terms?

Landing Gear Operating Speed

Design Flap Speed

Maximum Control Speed on the Ground

Landing Gear Extended Speed (correct)

What is the minimum control speed on the ground known as?

VMCG Signup and view all the answers

What does the term VLO RET refer to?

Safe speed for landing gear retraction Signup and view all the answers

Which speed should not exceed 220 kt during landing gear operation?

VLO RET Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of VMCG during the take-off run?

To maintain control after engine failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum speed for landing gear extended configuration?

280 kt Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a flexible takeoff?

A takeoff performance adjusted for specific environmental conditions. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of derated takeoffs, what does minimum control speed refer to?

The lowest speed at which a pilot can maintain control of the aircraft. Signup and view all the answers

What does the regulatory takeoff weight chart (RTOW chart) provide?

Specifications for safe takeoff weights under various conditions. Signup and view all the answers

During engine failure, what is the purpose of the drift down procedure?

To safely descend to a more manageable altitude. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects flexible takeoff procedures significantly?

The temperature at which takeoff occurs. Signup and view all the answers

What does lateral clearance refer to in engine failure scenarios?

The horizontal distance from obstacles during flight. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider runway state during a derated takeoff?

It influences the required takeoff distance. Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect is included in the en route obstacle clearance procedures with one engine inoperative?

Establishing minimum altitude requirements. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consideration for a pilot during the takeoff phase regarding engine performance?

Achieving sufficient speed and angle of attack Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of takeoff does the pilot begin to pull the stick to initiate the rotation?

Ground acceleration phase Signup and view all the answers

What should the performance determination for takeoff take into account?

The possibility of engine failure Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ground reactions as the aircraft transitions from the ground acceleration phase to lift off?

They progressively decrease Signup and view all the answers

Which type of engine failure must be specifically considered for FAR/JAR certified aircraft during takeoff?

Failure of the most critical engine Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the rotation phase during takeoff?

To increase angle of attack for higher lift Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature and pressure altitude affect engine thrust as illustrated in the provided figure?

Thrust varies depending on engine type, temperature, and pressure altitude Signup and view all the answers

What must pilots ensure in the event of an engine failure during takeoff?

Have appropriate means to decide on the safest procedure Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between True Air Speed (TAS) and Mach number?

TAS is directly proportional to Mach number. Signup and view all the answers

In steady level flight, if thrust is greater than drag, what can the aircraft do?

Accelerate and/or climb. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cross-over altitude?

The altitude where CAS equals Mach number. Signup and view all the answers

What forces are balanced in steady level flight?

Thrust and drag. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly represents the equation for drag?

D = ½ ρ S V^2 CD. Signup and view all the answers

In the provided context, what does 'FL' stand for in the graph?

Flight Level. Signup and view all the answers

How is the Mach number indicated in the context provided?

As the ratio of static pressure to total pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an increase in altitude have on the True Air Speed (TAS) for a constant indicated CAS?

TAS increases with altitude. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pitot tube in measuring total pressure?

To measure the impact pressure of airflow Signup and view all the answers

How is dynamic pressure (q) calculated?

By subtracting static pressure from total pressure, q = Pt - Ps Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the difference between Indicated Air Speed (IAS) and Calibrated Air Speed (CAS)?

Ambient temperature Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'instrumental correction' refer to in the context of airspeed measurement?

The difference between IAS and CAS due to measurement errors Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of the static probes used in pressure measurement?

They are positioned perpendicular to the airflow Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to fly at a constant CAS during the climb phase?

To maintain aerodynamic effects consistent with sea level Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary measurement error that affects IAS readings?

Static pressure measurement inaccuracies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the static pressure (Ps) in the context of aircraft performance?

The ambient pressure at the aircraft's flight altitude Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

V speeds

VFE (Flap Extended Speed) is the maximum speed at which flaps can be extended safely.
VLO (Landing Gear Operating Speed) is the maximum speed at which it is safe to both extend and retract the landing gear. It can be further defined as VLO(EXT) for extension and VLO(RET) for retraction.
VLE (Landing Gear Extended Speed) is the maximum speed at which it is safe to fly with landing gear extended safely.

VMCG

VMCG (Minimum Control Speed on the Ground) is the calibrated airspeed at which, with the critical engine inoperative during takeoff, the aircraft can be controlled using primary aerodynamic controls alone.
VMCG is used to define the minimum takeoff weight.
VMCG is determined for different environmental conditions, including Temperature and Pressure Altitude (PA).
The relationship between VMCG, thrust available, PA, and Temperature is shown in Figure B11.
Tref (Reference Thrust) is used to adjust thrust for different environmental conditions.

Takeoff Performance

The takeoff phase requires the pilot to achieve a balance between lift forces and weight forces.
During takeoff, the pilot manipulates the angle of attack and speed for proper lift.
The takeoff phase is divided into: Ground Acceleration, Rotation, and Airborne Acceleration.
The aircraft manufacturer defines takeoff performance parameters.
Takeoff Performance is impacted by wet and contaminated runways.

Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW)

MTOW is determined by a speed optimization process.
MTOW is displayed on the Regulatory Takeoff Weight Chart (RTOW Chart).

Flexible and Derated Takeoff

Flexible Takeoff: allows higher takeoff weights by reducing the thrust requirement.
Derated Takeoff: involves reducing engine thrust and therefore affects VMCG.

En Route Limitations

En route performance is impacted by possible engine failures.
Drift Down Procedure: is a procedure for safe flight after engine failure.
Gross and Net Drift Down Flight Paths: are defined to ensure a safe descent with an engine out.
Takeoff Alternate Airport: is an airport with a specific runway length to meet en route performance needs.

True Air Speed (TAS)

TAS is calculated based on indicated airspeed (IAS) and air temperature.
TAS variations can occur due to altitude and atmospheric conditions.
The Cross-over altitude is the altitude where a specific Calibrated Air Speed (CAS) and Mach Number are equal.
TAS increases with altitude at a constant Mach Number.

Flight Mechanics

Thrust, Drag, Lift, and Weight: are the four forces acting on an aircraft.
For steady level flight, Thrust equals Drag, and Lift equals Weight.
q (dynamic pressure): is calculated using the total pressure (Pt) measured by the pitot tube and the static pressure (Ps) measured by static probes.

Indicated Air Speed (IAS)

IAS: is the speed displayed on the airspeed indicator.
CAS: (Calibrated Air Speed) is the speed adjusted for instrumental errors.
Ki (instrumental correction): compensates for differences between IAS and CAS.
IAS is used during climbs to maintain a constant aerodynamic effect and avoid speed variations.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key aircraft V speeds such as VFE, VLO, and VMCG. This quiz covers definitions, operational limits, and factors affecting control speeds during takeoff. Ideal for aviation students and enthusiasts looking to enhance their understanding of aerodynamics and aircraft performance.