Questions and Answers
In propulsion by action, a great ______ of air is expelled rearwards with a low increase of speed.
mass
In propulsion by reaction, the forward force is produced by expelling a ______ of gas with a certain speed.
mass
The principle of operation of a jet engine is similar to a ______ engine in that the processes such as induction, compression, ignition and exhaust are the same.
piston
The ambient air enters the engine through the ______ intake.
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The air is then compressed by a multi- stage axial ______.
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The combustion is achieved in an ______ chamber.
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Gas turbine engines are divided into two main classes: ______ jet engine and Turbo prop engine.
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The forward force 'F' is given by 'F' = m (V2- ______).
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The primary aircraft controls are arranged as follows: a control ______ governs the aircraft's roll and pitch.
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The ______ pedals, to control yaw, which move the rudder.
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The throttle controls are used to control engine ______ or thrust for powered aircraft.
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The trim tabs are small control surfaces connected to the trailing edge of a larger control surface of ______.
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Trim tabs are used to control the ______ of the controls, i.e. to counteract aerodynamic forces and stabilise the aircraft in a particular desired attitude.
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Air brakes or speed brakes are a type of flight control surface used on an aircraft to increase ______ or increase the angle of approach during landing.
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Spoilers are designed to increase ______ while making little change to lift.
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Spoilers reduce the ______-to-drag ratio and require a higher angle of attack to maintain lift, resulting in a higher stall speed.
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The fuselage is the main body of the ______ to which all the other components are attached.
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Early aircraft were constructed of ______ frames covered in fabric.
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As monoplanes became popular, ______ frames improved the strength.
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Some modern aircraft are constructed with ______ materials for major control surfaces.
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The Boeing 787 makes possible higher ______ levels and larger windows for passenger comfort.
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The cockpit is where the pilot controls the ______.
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A wing is a type of ______ with a surface that produces lift for flight or propulsion.
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Wings have an ______ shape, a streamlined cross-sectional shape producing a useful lift to drag ratio.
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During such occasions, the instruments of an aircraft play a very vital role in aiding the pilot to fly the aircraft ______.
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The ______ indicator is an instrument used in an aircraft to display the craft's airspeed to the pilot.
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The static pressure is due to the pressure exerted by the ______ and the dynamic is due to the movement of the tube through the air.
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The dynamic pressure is calculated as: Dynamic = ______ – Static.
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The ______ pressure remaining constant in the entire case, the variation is only in the pitot pressure due to the movement of the aircraft in air.
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An ______ is an instrument used to measure the altitude of an object above a fixed level usually the sea level.
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The atmosphere has weight and this weight exerts ______.
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Altitude can be determined based on the measurement of ______ pressure.
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The radar signals that are reflected back towards the transmitter are the desirable ones that make radar ______.
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In aviation, aircraft are equipped with radar devices that warn of obstacles in or approaching their ______ and give accurate altitude readings.
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Primary radar uses the principle of ______ technique to determine range and bearing of an object.
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In secondary radar, active cooperation of the other ______ is required.
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In continuous wave radar, both the transmission and the reception take place ______.
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Understanding the basic functions of Radar would help cadets in better assimilation of facilities available in the ______ and their role in promoting safe flying.
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Study Notes
Propulsion Systems
- Propulsion by Action: rotates a propeller in air to create aerodynamic forces and accelerate air mass, expelling a large mass of air rearwards with low speed increase.
- Propulsion by Reaction: expels a small mass of gas with high speed, producing a forward force, as per the principle of jet propulsion (F = m(V2 - V1)).
- Indirect Reaction Propulsion: transforms gas kinetic energy into mechanical energy, e.g., turbo shaft and turbo prop engines.
Jet Engines
- Divided into two main classes: Turbo jet engine and Turbo prop engine.
- Operating principle similar to piston engines, but with continuous processes instead of intermittent ones.
- Ambient air enters the engine through air intake, gets compressed, and then combustion occurs in an annular chamber, expelling gases at high velocity to create thrust.
Aircraft Controls
- Primary controls:
- Control yoke (or column) governs roll and pitch by moving ailerons and elevators.
- Rudder pedals control yaw by moving the rudder.
- Throttle controls engine speed or thrust.
- Secondary controls:
- Trim tabs adjust the neutral or resting position of control surfaces to counteract aerodynamic forces.
- Air brakes and spoilers increase drag or angle of approach during landing.
- Flaps, leading edge slats, and variable-sweep wing.
Aircraft Design and Materials
- Fuselage layout: comprises fire wall, wing attachment points, landing gear attachment points, stringers, bulk head/formers, and stressed skin.
- Materials used:
- Wood (early aircraft)
- Metals (improved strength)
- Composites (modern aircraft, e.g., Boeing 787)
Wings and Fuselage
- Fuselage: main body of the aircraft, containing the cockpit, providing space for freight and passengers.
- Wings: type of fin with an airfoil shape, producing lift for flight or propulsion through the atmosphere.
Instruments
- Airspeed Indicator: measures airspeed by comparing static and pitot pressures, using an open-ended capsule inside an airtight case.
- Altimeter: measures altitude above mean sea level by measuring atmospheric pressure.
- Radar: warns of obstacles, provides accurate altitude readings, and uses pulse technique to determine range and bearing.
- Types of Radar:
- Primary Radar: uses pulse technique, working on echo and search light principle.
- Secondary Radar: requires active cooperation of the other object, transmitting pulses and receiving replies.
- Continuous Wave Radar: transmits and receives continuously, requiring a set of two aerials.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of aircraft propulsion systems, including propulsion by action and propulsion by reaction.
