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Aircraft STRUCTURES AND AIR CON
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Aircraft STRUCTURES AND AIR CON

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Questions and Answers

How are jet engines typically mounted to an aircraft?

  • Using forged mounts and bolted to the aircraft's forged structure (correct)
  • Using welded steel tubing
  • Using rivets and adhesives
  • Using aluminum castings

    • Which structural member supports the engine on an aircraft?

  • The engine (correct)
  • The center section
  • The wing spar
  • The empennage

    • What benefit do wing-mounted podded engines and integral fuel tanks provide?

  • Reduce tailplane download
  • Provide wing bending relief (correct)
  • Increase safety if the undercarriage collapses on landing
  • Improve aerodynamics

    • As an aircraft descends from cruising altitude, the cabin altitude will...

    <p>Decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component uses a refrigerant in an aircraft's air conditioning system?

    <p>Vapor cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the signal line between the controller and discharge valve is leaking, what will happen to the cabin pressure?

    <p>The cabin pressure will decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the discharge valve is opened due to a leak in the signal line?

    <p>The cabin pressure will increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the spill valve in a cabin pressurization system?

    <p>To control the flow of air to the cabin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What combination of components is used to control the ventilation and pressurization of air released to the atmosphere?

    <p>Pressure controller and discharge valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instrument most clearly shows the rate of change of cabin pressure?

    <p>Cabin vertical speed indicator (VSI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protects the cabin altitude from reaching 13,000 feet?

    <p>The altitude sensor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic system of cabin pressurization?

    <p>Constant inlet and vary the outlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what maximum negative differential pressure will the inwards relief valves usually open?

    <p>$0.5$ p.s.i.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is fitted to account for the failure of the normal maximum pressure differential control?

    <p>Safety relief valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the differential capsule in a pressure controller?

    <p>To control the cabin differential pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a cold air unit produce a drop in temperature?

    <p>By expanding hot air across a turbine which is driving a compressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of flight is the control of the rate of change of cabin pressure more important?

    <p>Descent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of spill valves?

    <p>To control air supply to the cabin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a pressurized aircraft at maximum differential pressure experiences a cabin pressure increase?

    <p>All pressurizing air will be spilled overboard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the cabin altitude increases above the normal maximum?

    <p>A warning light comes on in the cockpit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the water separator located in the cabin pressurization system?

    <p>Downstream of the turbine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended comfortable rate of cabin altitude climb for passengers?

    <p>500 feet per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of regulating the amount of air by-passing the cooling system?

    <p>To regulate the amount of air by-passing the cooling system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of inward vent valves?

    <p>To limit negative differentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the cabin rate of climb typically displayed?

    <p>On a double scale on the aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During normal pressurized climb following takeoff, what is the relationship between the cabin rate of climb and the ambient rate of climb?

    <p>The cabin rate of climb is less than the ambient rate of climb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do the inward vent valves operate?

    <p>When the cabin altitude exceeds the aircraft altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of cabin differential pressure?

    <p>The difference between cabin pressure and ambient pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of cabin altitude in pressurized flight?

    <p>The altitude corresponding to cabin pressure irrespective of the altitude for the aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is temperature conditioning primarily achieved in pressurized aircraft?

    <p>By extracting heat from the pressurizing air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an internal oil leak in the pressurization air supply from an engine compressor?

    <p>The air will be contaminated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a cold air unit produce a drop in temperature?

    <p>By reducing pressure and driving the unit's compressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ditching control in an aircraft's pressurization system?

    <p>To close the outflow valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a ground pressurization test, internal doors and cupboards should be:

    <p>Open to prevent pressure differentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prior to conducting a ground pressurization test, what action is necessary?

    <p>Reset or disable the pressure controller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a typical vapor cycle air conditioning system, what is the purpose of the sub-cooler?

    <p>To superheat the vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is heat added to the air in an air conditioning system?

    <p>By restricting the compressor outlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component can be used on the ground to supply air in an air conditioning system?

    <p>Turbo fan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an air conditioning system?

    <p>To decrease the temperature of air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the flightdeck of a pressurized aircraft, what does the gauge show?

    <p>Cabin differential pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the air exiting the compressor side of an Air Cycle Machine (ACM)?

    <p>The pressure and temperature increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the pressure controller is set to 0 ft, what will happen?

    <p>The cabin will not pressurize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the cabin rate of climb (ROC) indicator during a pressurization check at maximum differential pressure?

    <p>To indicate the efficiency of the cabin sealing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the water trap in a bootstrap air conditioning system?

    <p>At the turbine inlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a 'blower' air conditioning system, where is the silencer located?

    <p>After the blower outlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does altitude affect the air output of a 'blower' air conditioning system?

    <p>Air output is not affected by altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for controlling the air distribution to the cabin before it enters?

    <p>The temperature control valve (TCV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum required cabin air mass flow rate per person?

    <p>0.5 lbs per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the air mass flow control valve in the cabin air system?

    <p>To maintain a consistent air mass flow into the cabin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a cabin air recirculation system, what is the typical ratio of fresh air to recirculated air?

    <p>60% fresh, 40% recirculated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is cabin pressure maintained in an aircraft?

    <p>By controlling the air discharge from the cabin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of flight is the control of the rate of change of cabin pressure most critical?

    <p>During descent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Airframe and Aircraft Systems

    Jet Engine Mounting

    • Jet engines are usually mounted using forged mounts and bolted to aircraft forged structure.

    Pylon Structural Member

    • A pylon structural member supports the engine.

    Wing Mounted Podded Engines and Integral Fuel Tanks

    • Wing mounted podded engines and integral fuel tanks provide wing bending relief.

    Air Conditioning and Cabin Pressurisation

    • As an aircraft descends from cruising altitude, the cabin altitude must decrease.
    • A refrigerant is used in a vapour cycle.
    • The control of ventilating and pressurising air released to atmosphere is achieved by a pressure controller/discharge valve combination.
    • Rate of change of cabin pressure is most noticeably shown on a cabin V.S.I.
    • Inwards relief valves usually open at a negative differential pressure not exceeding 0.5 p.s.i.
    • Failure of the normal maximum pressure differential control is allowed for by fitting a safety relief valve.
    • A cold air unit produces a drop in temperature by expanding hot air across a turbine which is driving a compressor.
    • The function of spill valves is to control air supply to the cabin.
    • Pressurisation control ensures that at operational altitude the cabin altitude is below 10,000 ft.
    • Pitot and static lines during a cabin pressure test should be connected.
    • If the cabin pressure fails to reach its maximum cabin pressure differential, the pressure controller should be adjusted.
    • When the aircraft has reached its maximum cabin pressure differential, the discharge valve opens.

    Cabin Pressure Control

    • A cabin altitude is protected against reaching an altitude of 13,000 ft by an altitude sensor.
    • The basic system of cabin pressurisation is to arrange a constant inlet and vary the outlet.
    • The purpose of the differential capsule in a pressure controller is to control cabin differential pressure.
    • Control of rate of change of cabin pressure is more important in descent.
    • With a pressurised aircraft at maximum differential pressure and a cabin pressure increase occurs, the differential capsule in the pressure controller will let all pressurising air to be spilled overboard.
    • If the cabin altitude increases above the normal maximum, a warning light comes on in the cockpit.

    Air Conditioning and Cabin Pressurisation System Components

    • A water separator is located downstream of the turbine.
    • A comfortable rate of cabin altitude climb for passengers is 500 ft per min.
    • Before carrying out a ground pressure check, all pitot and static lines should be fitted.
    • On touch-down of aircraft, the outflow valve will be fully open.
    • The velocity of air from the cabin ventilation system should not exceed 120 feet per second.

    Inward Vent Valves and Cabin Rate of Climb

    • Inward vent valves are fitted to limit negative differentials.
    • Cabin rate of climb is shown by a double scale on the aircraft.
    • During normal pressurized climb following take-off, the cabin R.O.C is less than ambient R.O.C.
    • Inward vent valves will operate when cabin altitude exceeds aircraft altitude.
    • Cabin differential pressure is the difference between cabin pressure and ambient pressure.
    • Cabin altitude in pressurized flight is the altitude corresponding to cabin pressure irrespective of the altitude for the aircraft.

    Temperature Conditioning and Pressure Cabins

    • In pressurized aircraft, temperature conditioning is mainly achieved by extracting heat from the pressurising air.
    • If pressurisation air supplies come from an engine compressor, an internal oil leak will contaminate the air.
    • Heating for pressure cabins is obtained from air supply heated by the pressurising process.
    • A cold air unit allows for cabin temperatures to be a little more than ambient air temperature.

    Ditching Control and Ground Pressurisation Test

    • Ditching control is used to close the outflow valves.
    • Prior to conducting a ground pressurisation test, internal doors, cupboards, etc. must be all open.
    • Before conducting a ground pressurisation test, the pressure controller must be reset/disabled.

    Air Conditioning Systems

    • An air conditioning system is used to decrease the temperature of air.
    • In the flightdeck of a pressurised aircraft, there is a gauge that shows cabin differential pressure.
    • Air exiting the compressor side of an ACM will have increased pressure and temperature.
    • Cabin differential pressure is the pressure difference between the pressure inside the aircraft and the ambient air pressure.### Cabin Pressurisation and Air Conditioning
    • During a pressurisation check at maximum differential with engines shut-down, the cabin ROC indicator gives indication of cabin seal efficiency.

    Bootstrap Compressor

    • The water trap is located at the inlet of the turbine in a bootstrap compressor.

    Air Conditioning System

    • In a 'blower' air conditioning system, the silencer is located at the outlet of the blower.
    • The system produces the most air when not affected by altitude.
    • Before distribution, the air goes through the Temperature Control Valve (TCV).

    Air Mass Flow

    • The minimum cabin air mass flow is 0.5 lbs per minute per person.
    • The air mass flow control valve maintains a reasonably constant air mass flow into the cabin at all altitudes.

    Cabin Air Recirculation System

    • Recirculated air and fresh air are supplied in the proportions of 60% of fresh air and 40% of recirculated air.

    Cabin Pressure

    • Cabin pressure is maintained by controlling the amount of air discharged from the cabin.
    • Control of rate of change of cabin pressure is most important in descent.

    Air Supply

    • Air supplied for pressurisation and conditioning is hottest from an engine compressor bleed.
    • The mass flow delivery from engine-driven blowers is controlled by spill valves.

    Heat Exchanger

    • An air-to-air heat exchanger is provided to reduce the air supply temperature.

    Temperature Control

    • Temperature control of cabin air is achieved by [no information provided in the text].

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    Test your knowledge about how jet engines are mounted on aircraft, including the use of forged mounts and bolted structures. Learn about pylon structural members that support different sections of the aircraft. This quiz covers various aspects of engine mounting and aircraft structures.

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