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Questions and Answers
What is the primary method used for air pollution control mentioned in the content?
What is the primary method used for air pollution control mentioned in the content?
Which factor is NOT considered when selecting appropriate air pollution control devices?
Which factor is NOT considered when selecting appropriate air pollution control devices?
Which control device is specifically designed to remove particulate matter from the air?
Which control device is specifically designed to remove particulate matter from the air?
What is the formula for calculating efficiency in air pollution control mentioned in the content?
What is the formula for calculating efficiency in air pollution control mentioned in the content?
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In the context of air pollution control, what does penetration refer to?
In the context of air pollution control, what does penetration refer to?
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If four control devices each have an efficiency of 90%, what would be the overall efficiency of the combined system?
If four control devices each have an efficiency of 90%, what would be the overall efficiency of the combined system?
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What is a common limitation for air pollution control devices mentioned in the selection criteria?
What is a common limitation for air pollution control devices mentioned in the selection criteria?
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Which of the following processes can be improved to enhance air pollution control?
Which of the following processes can be improved to enhance air pollution control?
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What are solid particles larger than colloidal size that can be suspended in the air called?
What are solid particles larger than colloidal size that can be suspended in the air called?
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Which type of particulate pollutant is predominantly smaller than 1 micron and often formed by chemical reactions?
Which type of particulate pollutant is predominantly smaller than 1 micron and often formed by chemical reactions?
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Which of the following is characterized as visible aerosol?
Which of the following is characterized as visible aerosol?
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What is the process called when fine particles agglomerate and grow larger over time?
What is the process called when fine particles agglomerate and grow larger over time?
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Which of these pollutants consists of gasborne particles resulting from combustion?
Which of these pollutants consists of gasborne particles resulting from combustion?
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Coarse particles range in size from _____ micrometers.
Coarse particles range in size from _____ micrometers.
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Which pollutant is described as finely divided particles of ash that may contain unburned fuel?
Which pollutant is described as finely divided particles of ash that may contain unburned fuel?
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What type of particles can be removed by mechanical means or capture devices in the air?
What type of particles can be removed by mechanical means or capture devices in the air?
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What does 'four nines' refer to in air pollution control efficiency?
What does 'four nines' refer to in air pollution control efficiency?
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How is the overall efficiency, η, calculated from the penetration values, p?
How is the overall efficiency, η, calculated from the penetration values, p?
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What is the overall penetration value (p(overall)) for four control devices with 90% efficiency each?
What is the overall penetration value (p(overall)) for four control devices with 90% efficiency each?
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Which of the following factors does NOT affect air pollution control costs?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect air pollution control costs?
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For cost savings in air pollution control, what is one recommended practice?
For cost savings in air pollution control, what is one recommended practice?
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What does the symbol Q represent in the equation for Power?
What does the symbol Q represent in the equation for Power?
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If four control devices are placed in series, what is the relationship between their efficiencies?
If four control devices are placed in series, what is the relationship between their efficiencies?
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Which pollutant has a 1-hour average standard value of 35 ppm?
Which pollutant has a 1-hour average standard value of 35 ppm?
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What is the value of the overall efficiency, η, if the overall penetration p(overall) is 0.0001?
What is the value of the overall efficiency, η, if the overall penetration p(overall) is 0.0001?
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What is the formula for calculating power in relation to volumetric flow rate?
What is the formula for calculating power in relation to volumetric flow rate?
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Which equation correctly shows the relationship for n series control devices' overall efficiency?
Which equation correctly shows the relationship for n series control devices' overall efficiency?
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Which of the following is the correct annual arithmetic mean standard for PM 2.5?
Which of the following is the correct annual arithmetic mean standard for PM 2.5?
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The primary purpose of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) is to protect which of the following?
The primary purpose of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) is to protect which of the following?
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What does ΔP represent in the equations given?
What does ΔP represent in the equations given?
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Which pollutant has an annual arithmetic mean standard of 0.053 ppm?
Which pollutant has an annual arithmetic mean standard of 0.053 ppm?
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What type of pollutant is PM 10 categorized as?
What type of pollutant is PM 10 categorized as?
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When calculating pumping cost, which of the following is NOT included?
When calculating pumping cost, which of the following is NOT included?
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What is the primary standard value for ozone in the 8-hour average?
What is the primary standard value for ozone in the 8-hour average?
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What range of annual ambient air concentration is permissible for Carbon Monoxide (CO)?
What range of annual ambient air concentration is permissible for Carbon Monoxide (CO)?
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At what concentration does lead exposure start to raise health concerns?
At what concentration does lead exposure start to raise health concerns?
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What is the guideline value for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) for a 1-hour exposure period?
What is the guideline value for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) for a 1-hour exposure period?
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What is the 8-hour guideline value for Ozone (O3) concentration in the air?
What is the 8-hour guideline value for Ozone (O3) concentration in the air?
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For which pollutant is the exposure of 10,000 µg/m3 assessed over 8 hours?
For which pollutant is the exposure of 10,000 µg/m3 assessed over 8 hours?
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Which gas has a guideline value of 500 µg/m3 for a 10-minute exposure period?
Which gas has a guideline value of 500 µg/m3 for a 10-minute exposure period?
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What is the conversion factor for converting parts per million (ppm) to micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) at T=298.15 K and P=1 atm?
What is the conversion factor for converting parts per million (ppm) to micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) at T=298.15 K and P=1 atm?
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What does PM stand for in the context of air quality?
What does PM stand for in the context of air quality?
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What is the annual guideline concentration for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in µg/m3?
What is the annual guideline concentration for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in µg/m3?
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The guideline value for Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) for a 1-year exposure is how many µg/m3?
The guideline value for Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) for a 1-year exposure is how many µg/m3?
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Which process can reduce hydrocarbon emissions when painting?
Which process can reduce hydrocarbon emissions when painting?
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What is a benefit of switching from coal to hydrogen as a fuel?
What is a benefit of switching from coal to hydrogen as a fuel?
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Which tailpipe air pollution control method involves the physical separation of particulates?
Which tailpipe air pollution control method involves the physical separation of particulates?
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What occurs in the typical engine combustion process?
What occurs in the typical engine combustion process?
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Which of the following vehicles operates on battery power?
Which of the following vehicles operates on battery power?
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What is the main function of gravity settling in air pollution control?
What is the main function of gravity settling in air pollution control?
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In terms of hydrocarbon to hydrogen ratios, which fuel has the least amount of carbon?
In terms of hydrocarbon to hydrogen ratios, which fuel has the least amount of carbon?
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What method is used to improve air quality through absorption of pollutants?
What method is used to improve air quality through absorption of pollutants?
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Which vehicle type typically emits more carbon emissions?
Which vehicle type typically emits more carbon emissions?
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Which of the following processes is focused on changing waste disposal methods?
Which of the following processes is focused on changing waste disposal methods?
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Study Notes
Air Pollution Control Engineering - Week 8
- Course is EN3004
- Topics include project assignment and engineering approaches for air pollution control
- Lecturer is Titi Mariana Lim
- Course held at Nanyang Technological University's School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Lectures are held on Fridays from 15:30-17:20
- Tutorials are held on Fridays at 09:30-10:20 (G1@TR+35) and 12:30-13:20 (G2@TR+29)
- The location for lectures and tutorials is LT18.
Syllabus & Course Schedule
- Week 1 (16 Aug): Course briefing; introduction to air pollution
- Week 2 (23 Aug): Air pollution control: regulation, philosophy, and monitoring; Tutorial 1
- Week 3 (30 Aug): The atmosphere and meteorology, atmospheric stability; Tutorial 2
- Week 4 (6 Sep): Air quality modeling and plume dispersion models; Tutorial 3
- Week 5 (13 Sep): Indoor air pollution, human exposure, box model; Tutorial 4; group project
- Week 6 (20 Sep): SOD, acid rain, greenhouse gases, and climate change; Tutorial 5
- Week 7 (27 Sep): Special issues: combustion-related emissions; Quiz #1; Tutorial 6; no tutorial on week 1 and week 8 of NTU recess week
- Week 8 (11 Oct): Discussion on project assignment; general idea of air pollution control approach; no tutorial
- Week 9 (18 Oct): Properties of particles and particle collection mechanisms; Tutorial 8
- Week 10 (25 Oct): Particulate matter control; Tutorial 9
- Week 11 (1 Nov): VOCs and HCs - characteristic and control; Tutorial week 10
- Week 12 (8 Nov): Oxides of sulfur and nitrogen - characteristic and control; Tutorial 11
- Week 13 (15 Nov): Control of mobile source pollutant; Quiz #2; Tutorial 12
- Note: Lecture materials may not be in line with scheduled lectures. SOD: Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Project Assignment Objectives
- Familiarize IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) sampling process (sample collection, PM & GC-MS)
- Conduct proper data analysis
- Improve communication skills and promote teamwork
- Employ light scattering, light obscuration (blocking), and direct imaging for particle detection and analysis
- Use a HD camera for direct imaging to analyze passed particles and compute their characteristics
Gas Chromatography -Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
- Separates volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
- Separation is based on vapor pressure and polarity
Working Principles of GC
- Capillary column is utilized for separation
- Difference in chemical properties between molecules separates them as the sample travels through the column
- Molecules take different time (retention time) to exit the GC
Working Principles of MS
- MS in downstream captures, ionizes, accelerates, deflects, and detects ionized molecules separately
- Molecules are broken into ionized fragments; fragments are detected based on their mass-to-charge ratio
What kind of information can MS give
- Molecular weight
- Elemental composition
- Structural information
GC-MS analysis
- GC separates VOCs
- MS analyzes the resulting compositions
- Each component creates a spectral peak.
- Peak size corresponds to compound quantity.
How to read experiment results
- The data should be examined for peaks
How to read a Gas Chromatogram
- Each compound (peak) in the chromatogram should be identified, using MS data and other references
- The size of the peaks corresponds to the quantity of the compound being measured.
A Good Project Report
- The project report should contain background/introduction (importance, sources, etc.)
- Objective / purpose
- Methodology (air sampling experiments)
- Results and discussion (emission standards, consequences, data comparisons)
- Conclusion and recommendation(improving air quality)
- References and group member signatures
Air Pollutants (Recap)
- Primary air pollutants: emitted directly from sources
- Secondary air pollutants: Formed from reactions between existing air pollutants under certain conditions
- Sources: Natural and human activities
Effects of Air Pollution Examples
- Clean day vs. Hazy day
- Impacts of harmful pollutants
- Impacts on health (using diagrams of red blood cells and respiratory systems)
How to Control Air Pollution (Recap)
- Three general approaches for air pollution control: Improved dispersion, process change, and downstream (tailpipe) control devices
- Order of preference: Process Change > Downstream Control > Improved Dispersion
Improved Dispersion
- Emission from tall stacks to dilute pollutants to non-hazardous levels before ground contact
- Controlling schemes: banned activities in poor dispersion times
- Relocating plants to emission areas with less population
Principles of Downstream Control Devices
- Include Gravity settling, chemical scrubbing (absorption), Activated carbon adsorption, and biological oxidation
Efficiency and Penetration (Calculations)
- Efficiency = (Incoming Amount – Outgoing Amount) / Incoming Amount
- Penetration = Outgoing Amount / Incoming Amount
Economic Considerations
- Factors affecting air pollution control costs: treated gas quantity, and pollution removal efficiency
- Cost savings solutions: Standard-size control devices
- Control fluid velocity (approx 12m/s)
- Minimizing pressure drop and volumetric flow rate
- Resource recovery
Particle Size
- Common particulate pollutants: Dust, Fly ash, Fumes, Mist, Smoke, Particle, Fog, Soot
- Particle size distribution of flue gas impacts collection efficiency
- Particle size distribution effects respiratory system, which are important in determining health risks.
- Important factors: Size and shape, density
- Calculating aerodynamic diameter to categorize particle size by aerodynamic properties.
Particle Size Categories (EPA Classifications)
- Define total suspended particulate matter and subdivisions (PM10, PM2.5)
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Description
This quiz covers the materials from Week 8 of the Air Pollution Control Engineering course (EN3004) at NTU. It focuses on project assignments and various engineering approaches for managing air pollution. Ideal for students looking to reinforce their understanding of air pollution control methods.
