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Questions and Answers
What is the result of the reaction between CaO and SO2?
What is the result of the reaction between CaO and SO2?
- Calcium sulfite (correct)
- Calcium oxide
- Calcium sulfide
- Calcium sulfate
Which gas binds more strongly to hemoglobin than oxygen?
Which gas binds more strongly to hemoglobin than oxygen?
- Nitrogen oxides
- Carbon monoxide (correct)
- Carbon dioxide
- Methane
Which of the following is a primary source of nitrogen oxide emissions?
Which of the following is a primary source of nitrogen oxide emissions?
- Industrial factories
- Cars and buses (correct)
- Agricultural activities
- Natural gas plants
What phenomenon is caused by the interaction of sunlight, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds?
What phenomenon is caused by the interaction of sunlight, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds?
What is the average surface temperature of the Earth without atmospheric gases?
What is the average surface temperature of the Earth without atmospheric gases?
Which of the following gases is NOT considered a greenhouse gas?
Which of the following gases is NOT considered a greenhouse gas?
What is the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
What is the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
What form of carbon monoxide exposure can lead to dangerous health effects?
What form of carbon monoxide exposure can lead to dangerous health effects?
What is the primary contributor to the greenhouse effect mentioned in the content?
What is the primary contributor to the greenhouse effect mentioned in the content?
Which gas, when produced from the combustion of gasoline, contributes the most to carbon dioxide emissions?
Which gas, when produced from the combustion of gasoline, contributes the most to carbon dioxide emissions?
Which of the following gases has a global warming potential more than 14,000 times that of CO2?
Which of the following gases has a global warming potential more than 14,000 times that of CO2?
Where is methane primarily formed in the environment?
Where is methane primarily formed in the environment?
What is the minimum dissolved oxygen requirement for cold-water fish?
What is the minimum dissolved oxygen requirement for cold-water fish?
What human activity is highlighted as detrimental to aquatic life?
What human activity is highlighted as detrimental to aquatic life?
Which of the following statements accurately describes aerobic bacteria?
Which of the following statements accurately describes aerobic bacteria?
Which factor contributes to seasonal variations in CO2 concentration?
Which factor contributes to seasonal variations in CO2 concentration?
What are the primary components that make up fertile topsoil?
What are the primary components that make up fertile topsoil?
What is ammonium nitrate classified as?
What is ammonium nitrate classified as?
Which category of fertilizer includes a mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium?
Which category of fertilizer includes a mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium?
Which type of pesticide primarily targets insects?
Which type of pesticide primarily targets insects?
What is a key characteristic of chlorinated hydrocarbons as insecticides?
What is a key characteristic of chlorinated hydrocarbons as insecticides?
Organophosphorus compounds and carbamates break down more readily than chlorinated hydrocarbons due to their?
Organophosphorus compounds and carbamates break down more readily than chlorinated hydrocarbons due to their?
Which pesticide is an example of a chlorinated hydrocarbon?
Which pesticide is an example of a chlorinated hydrocarbon?
Farmers often amend soil with fertilizers to address the loss of what?
Farmers often amend soil with fertilizers to address the loss of what?
What is a significant safety concern related to the use of organophosphates and carbamates?
What is a significant safety concern related to the use of organophosphates and carbamates?
Which of the following is a selective herbicide that mimics plant growth hormones?
Which of the following is a selective herbicide that mimics plant growth hormones?
What is the primary method traditionally used to control weeds in crop fields?
What is the primary method traditionally used to control weeds in crop fields?
Which herbicide is known to cause lung damage if residues enter illicit drug products?
Which herbicide is known to cause lung damage if residues enter illicit drug products?
What type of crops can rapidly detoxify atrazine through metabolism?
What type of crops can rapidly detoxify atrazine through metabolism?
What is the role of fungi in agricultural settings?
What is the role of fungi in agricultural settings?
Which of the following herbicides is classified as nonselective?
Which of the following herbicides is classified as nonselective?
Which of the following best describes the function of thiram?
Which of the following best describes the function of thiram?
What is one of the main benefits of using toluene and methanol in the production of styrene?
What is one of the main benefits of using toluene and methanol in the production of styrene?
Which of the following is a characteristic of supercritical fluids?
Which of the following is a characteristic of supercritical fluids?
Why are volatile organic compounds a concern in chemical processes?
Why are volatile organic compounds a concern in chemical processes?
What are the two most popular choices for supercritical fluid solvents?
What are the two most popular choices for supercritical fluid solvents?
What hazardous characteristic is associated with benzene?
What hazardous characteristic is associated with benzene?
In the production of terephthalic acid, what role does acetic acid serve?
In the production of terephthalic acid, what role does acetic acid serve?
What is a significant advantage of the one-step process for producing styrene compared to the traditional two-step process?
What is a significant advantage of the one-step process for producing styrene compared to the traditional two-step process?
What reaction does para-xylene undergo to produce terephthalic acid?
What reaction does para-xylene undergo to produce terephthalic acid?
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Study Notes
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gases
- CaO reacts with SO2 to form calcium sulfite which can be used to remove SO2 from combusted fuel.
- Carbon monoxide is produced by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials.
- CO binds to hemoglobin 200x stronger than O2, leading to reduced oxygen levels in blood.
- Nitrogen oxides are a primary component of smog, mostly emitted by vehicles.
- Photochemical smog is formed by the reaction of sunlight, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds, producing particulate matter and ground-level ozone.
- Greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation.
- Without greenhouse gases, the Earth's surface temperature would be 254K.
- Water vapor and carbon dioxide are major greenhouse gases.
- Increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere can lead to an unnatural increase in global temperatures.
- Other greenhouse gases include: methane, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
- Methane forms in low-oxygen environments and is produced by anaerobic bacteria.
Water Quality and Human Activities
- All life on Earth depends on access to suitable water.
- Untreated waste disposal into natural waters can contaminate water and harm aquatic life.
- Dissolved oxygen levels are an important indicator of water quality.
- Cold-water fish require at least 5 ppm oxygen.
- Aerobic bacteria consume dissolved oxygen to oxidize organic materials.
Soil and Agriculture
- Fertile topsoil is composed of mineral particles, water, air, and organic matter.
- Fertilizers replace lost nutrients in soil.
- Straight fertilizers contain only one nutrient, for example, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) contains nitrogen.
- Complete fertilizers contain a mix of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
- High-yield crops require adequate nutrition and protection from pests.
Pesticides
- Pesticides are used to control pests, including insects, weeds, and fungi.
- Insecticides include chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphorus compounds, and carbamates.
- Chlorinated hydrocarbons are persistent and nonbiodegradable.
- Organophosphorus compounds and carbamates readily decompose into water-soluble components.
- Malathion is an organophosphorus compound, and carbaryl is a carbamate.
- Herbicides control weeds.
- 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T are selective herbicides that kill broad-leafed plants.
- Atrazine is toxic to weeds but not to many grass-like crops.
- Paraquat kills weeds in their sprouting phase.
- Glyphosate is a nonselective herbicide.
- Fungicides control fungi.
- Thiram is a fungicide widely used on fruits and vegetables.
Safer Chemistry Practices
- Reagents and solvents in chemical processes should be chosen to minimize potential accidents.
- Styrene is a building block for polymers and is produced in a two-step process currently, but a one-step process using toluene and methanol is more cost-effective and environmentally friendly.
- Supercritical fluids can replace conventional solvents.
- Supercritical CO2 is used in the production of Teflon and is replacing chlorofluorocarbons.
- Para-xylene is oxidized to produce terephthalic acid, used in PET plastic and polyester fibers.
- The oxidation process uses oxygen as an oxidizing agent and acetic acid as a solvent.
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