Air Law ABBA Study Notes

Knowledge ICs Instructions: Add/update questions and answers. New questions should be added to the front of the relevant section. Variations of existing questions should be added immediately before or after the original question. Use proper indentation ("A. B. C. D.") and accurate English. Square brackets are used to mark newly added questions. Brackets can be removed after the batch is processed. Update log should be maintained for significant changes.

Black text: Standard text.
Bold text: Important or key terms.
Green highlight: Answers with high confidence (no KDR).
Yellow highlight: Ambiguous or low confidence answers (some KDR received).
Blue text below options: Explanation notes, remarks (including variations of the same question).
[Brackets]: Course number (to be removed after a batch).
Red text: Newly added questions (to be removed).
Italicised and underlined: Updated wording or phrasing, keywords, or tricky phrasing.
Example Legend Entry: [245] Night effect is most pronounced at what time of day? A. Dusk and dawn (twilight hours immediately after sunset and before sunrise) B. Hours between sunset and sunrise C. Hours immediately after sunrise
Page Numbers: Page 1: 1-27; Page 2: 28, 29, 30, 31; Page 3: 33, 34; Page 4: 36, 37, 38

Danger Area: An airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to the flight or aircraft may exist at specified times.
Dangerous Area (244/245): An area where safety of flight is impacted by ongoing activity. Specifically impacting flight of aircraft.
Flight Visibility: Visibility forward from the cockpit of an aircraft.
Heavier-than-air aircraft: A machine deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions.

5th Freedom: Allows an airline registered in one state to carry traffic in a second state to a third state.
Bilateral Agreements: Treaty between two states for operational issues like flight frequency and capacity.

Approach to Landing: The part of the flight where the aircraft is descending below 1000ft above the decision height or minimum descent height
Instrument Ground Time: The time during which a pilot is receiving training and practicing simulated instrument flight in flight simulation training devices(FSTDs)
Flight Crew Member: A licensed crew member responsible for duties essential to the operation of an aircraft during flight
Solo Flight Time: Flight time during which a student pilot is the sole occupant of an aircraft
Expected Approach Time (EAT): The time at which an arriving aircraft under a delay is predicted to exit the holding pattern and commence the instrument approach.
Scheduled Flights: Flights with a specific timetable agreed upon between countries.

Radio Communication Failure: If total radio communication failure occurs in VFR conditions during daylight hours, pilots should continue flying and land at the nearest suitable airport.
Aircraft Interception: Aircraft which are intercepted by another aircraft are required to obey instructions and respond to visual signals, and contact ATC
Loss of Communication: If no radio communication with ATC has been possible in circumstances such as a situation requiring the immediate establishment of a point of contact, pilots would have to maintain altitude and/or proceed to the closest airport.