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Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between a concussion and a contusion?
During which phase of wound healing does hemostasis, vascular phase, and cellular phase of inflammation occur?
What is the key moment in the proliferation phase of wound healing?
Which cells play a major role in granulation tissue formation during wound healing?
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What characterizes granulation tissue formed during wound healing?
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Which phase of wound healing involves chemotaxis of neutrophils and elimination of necrotic tissue?
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What is the clinical condition characterized by vasodilatation, drop in blood pressure, and short loss of consciousness due to hyperthermia?
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Which disorder is caused by freezing of the skin and underlying tissues, typically affecting the nose, ears, fingers, and toes?
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What is the body temperature threshold that defines hypothermia?
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Which clinical condition of hyperthermia is characterized by a sudden onset, lack of sweating, a temperature of 43°C, and impaired central nervous system function?
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What is a common symptom associated with heat muscle convulsions in hyperthermia?
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Which syndrome is characterized by the rupture of alveoli and blood vessels, potentially leading to pulmonary embolism?
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What is a common outcome of Crush Syndrome as mentioned in the text?
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Which type of blast syndrome involves contusion, hematoma, and internal bleeding in the gastrointestinal system?
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What is a potential consequence of Solid Blast Syndrome when it spreads through solid or hard material?
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Which physiological process leads to oliguria and anuria in cases of Solid Blast Syndrome?
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What is a common outcome of Water Blast Syndrome according to the text?
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Which term refers to a temporary body deformation during the application of a mechanical force?
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What type of mechanical injury is characterized by the loss of continuity of skin and mucosa?
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What is the characteristic feature of a contusion?
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Which type of damage results from the loss of continuity of bones, cartilage, or teeth?
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What term refers to a transitory disorder of neural functions without anatomically evident changes?
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Which injury involves the movement of organs from body cavities through anatomical openings?
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Which injury type results in unphysiological positioning of parts of a joint?
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'Vulnus sclopetarium' is associated with which type of mechanical injury?
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What does 'Erosion' refer to in terms of mechanical injuries?
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Which type of mechanical injury involves intense tissue and organ damage with loss of anatomical structure?
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What is the compensatory mechanism involved during standing up that results in vasoconstriction of veins and a faster heart rate?
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Which condition is characterized by a systolic blood pressure lower than 90mmHg and diastolic blood pressure lower than 60mmHg upon standing up?
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What biological influence does positive acceleration have on the body, such as in an elevator going up?
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Which disorder is characterized by symptoms like sickness, vomiting, disgust, and cold sweating during uneven movements, particularly in flying?
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What leads to the loss of consciousness (syncope) during prolonged standing when the muscle-venous pump isn't activated?
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In orthostatic hypotension, which type is characterized by a combination of sympatico tonus and asympaticotonus response?
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Study Notes
Mechanical and Physical Etiology Factors
- Trauma is an injury caused by a mechanical force transferred by a hit (e.g., natural catastrophes, artificial force, traffic accidents)
- Mechanical forces lead to changes in the body's dimensions, volume, and shape, causing body deformities
- Body deformities can be:
- Elastic (temporary, during the duration of force)
- Plastic (permanent, even after the duration of force)
Local Mechanical Injuries
- Direct cell destruction (tissues): erosion, abrasion, descvamation (relatively mild mechanical injuries)
- Wound (vulnus): a mechanical injury characterized by loss of continuity of skin and mucosa, capturing deeper body structures
- Types of wounds:
- Cut (vulnus scissum)
- Stab (vulnus punctum)
- Piercing (vulnus penetrans)
- Laceration (vulnus conquassatum)
- Scratch (vulnus scarificatum)
- Gunshot wound (vulnus sclopetarium)
- Bite (vulnus morsum)
Pathogenesis of Local Mechanical Injuries
- Release of intracellular enzymes (lysosomal enzymes)
- Release of enzymes leads to destruction of surrounding cells and intercellular matrix, causing autolysis of tissues
- Local elevation of osmotic pressure, accumulation of water, and occurrence of edema
- Damage of local circulation:
- Bleeding
- Less oxygen and nutrients in damaged blood vessels
- Ischemic zone
- Damage of innervation:
- Sensorial, motor, autonomous disorder
Other Types of Mechanical Injuries
- Commotion (commotio): function disorder of some organs without anatomically evident changes
- Contusion (contusio): skin intact, but tissues underneath are damaged
- Concvasation (conquasatio): intense tissue and organ damage with loss of anatomical structure
- Bleeding (haemorrhagio): arterial, venous, capillary; internal, external; acute, chronic
- Avulsion (avulsio): loss of continuity of tendons, ligaments, nerves where they connect to other tissues
- Amputation (amputatio): traumatic separation of acral parts of the body
- Fracture (fractura): loss of continuity of bones, cartilage, teeth
- Luxation and subluxation (luxatio): unphysiological position and relation of parts of the joint
- Rupture: rupture of 'empty' internal organs or capsule of parenchymatous organ
- Hernia: movement of organs from body cavities through anatomical openings
Concussion and Contusion
- Concussion:
- A type of traumatic brain injury (TBI)
- Brain shaken inside the skull
- Causes temporary loss of brain function
- Symptoms include headache, confusion, and sensitivity to light or noise
- Usually resolves with rest
- Contusion:
- Bruise on the brain
- Results from a direct impact to the head
- Causes bleeding and swelling of brain tissue
- Symptoms include headache, vomiting, and weakness
- May require observation or surgery depending on severity
Phases of Wound Healing
- Inflammation phase (interaction of platelets, endothelial cells of blood vessels, and granulocytes)
- Hemostasis
- Vascular phase
- Cellular phase of inflammation
- Proliferation phase (begins 2-3 days after tissue damage, lasts about 3 weeks)
- Fibroplasia and angiogenesis
- Granulation tissue formation
- Wound epithelialization
Blast Syndrome
- Air Blast Syndrome:
- Respiratory, central nervous system, gastrointestinal system
- Crush Syndrome:
- Fracture, luxation, blood vessels rupture
- Haematoma, compression of arteries and veins, ischemia, anaerobe metabolism
- Water Blast Syndrome:
- Gastrointestinal system (contusion, hematoma, rupture, internal bleeding)
- Solid Blast Syndrome:
- Bone and joint system (lower extremities when a person is standing; pelvis and spine when a person is sitting)
Gravitation Disease
- Compensatory mechanisms during standing up:
- Aortic arch and carotid sinus – reflex mechanism – faster heart rate and vasoconstriction of veins
- Higher activity of renin and aldosterone release
- Vasoconstriction of arterioles and higher peripheral vascular resistance
- Specific compensatory mechanisms on CNS
- During prolonged standing:
- If the person doesn’t move, muscle-venous pump isn’t activated, leading to transudation of fluid from intravascular to interstitial space
- That leads to less blood flow in the brain and can lead to loss of conscience (syncope)
- Orthostatic or postural hypotension:
- Isolated type of clinical entity with pressure drop when vertical
- Systolic lower than 90mmHg, diastolic lower than 60mmHg (a drop of blood pressure more than 15% when standing up from lying position)
Acceleration
- Change of speed in a unit of time or change of direction of movement during constant speed
- Unit is G (G=a/g; g=9.81 m/s^2)
- Organism detects acceleration thanks to inner ear structures
Biological Influence of Acceleration
- Effect of positive acceleration in the vertical direction – elevator for up, plane taking off
- Blood moves to feet and abdominal organs, less in upper parts of the body
- Acceleration of 5G – hypoperfusion of CNS, blackout
- Effect of negative acceleration in vertical direction – plane going down, free fall
- More blood and pressure in upper body parts – bleeding in head and CNS – red out
Kynetosis Syndrome
- Vegetative dysfunction because of movement
- Symptoms: sickness, vomiting, disgust, cold sweating, tachycardia, pallor, headache, sleepiness
- Occurs during flying (uneven movement)
- Ship – sea sickness
- On the ground – car sickness
- Plane – air sickness
Thermic Etiological Factors
- Disorders because of higher temperature:
- Hyperthermia (general overheating of the organism)
- Burns
- Disorders because of lower temperature:
- Hypothermia: body temperature drop below physiological (less than 36°C)
- Frostbite: injury caused by freezing of the skin and underlying tissues, typically nose, ears, fingers, toes
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Description
Test your knowledge on the differences between Air Blast Syndrome and Crush Syndrome, including their effects on the respiratory, central nervous, and gastrointestinal systems. Learn about the symptoms and outcomes associated with each syndrome.
