AI History 1987-2011

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Questions and Answers

What was the main purpose of Alan Turing's publication "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"?

To introduce the concept of Expert Systems

To develop algorithms for mathematical problems

To create the first artificial intelligence program

To propose a way to evaluate a machine's intelligence (correct)

Which significant event is associated with the birth of the term "Artificial Intelligence"?

The publication of Turing's paper in 1950

The Dartmouth Conference in 1956 (correct)

The development of the first chatbot, ELIZA

The invention of high-level programming languages

What characterized the period referred to as the first AI winter from 1974 to 1980?

An increase in public interest in artificial intelligence

A significant decrease in funding and research activity (correct)

A surge in government funding for AI research

Rapid advancements in AI technologies

In what year was the first intelligent humanoid robot, WABOT-1, built?

1972 Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key features of the artificial intelligence program "Logic Theorist"?

It proved theorems and created elegant proofs. Signup and view all the answers

Which programming languages were developed during the early years of AI's academic establishment?

FORTRAN, LISP, and COBOL Signup and view all the answers

The expert systems developed in 1980 were meant to emulate what?

The reasoning ability of a human expert Signup and view all the answers

What significant conference was held at Stanford University in 1980?

The first national conference of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Who were the pioneers of the first recognized work in AI in 1943?

Warren McCulloch and Walter Pits Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Donald Hebb make to the field of AI in 1949?

He demonstrated Hebbian learning. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Turing Test proposed by Alan Turing?

To determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human. Signup and view all the answers

What was a major milestone in AI development during the 1950s?

Machine learning principles were introduced. Signup and view all the answers

Which area of AI is focused on creating systems that can mimic expert human decision-making?

Expert Systems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a subfield of AI?

Quantum Computing Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Alan Turing pioneer machine learning?

1950 Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Hebbian learning' refer to in the context of Artificial Intelligence?

An updating rule for modifying the connection strength between neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What significant event marked the peak of AI capabilities during the second AI winter?

Development of expert systems like XCON Signup and view all the answers

Which milestone took place in 2011 that showcased significant advancements in AI's ability to understand human language?

IBM's Watson wins Jeopardy! Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Turing Test in the context of AI development?

It established a benchmark for measuring machine intelligence. Signup and view all the answers

In what year did AI begin to significantly integrate into personal spaces with the introduction of a particular household device?

2002 Signup and view all the answers

Which development in AI in 2012 dramatically enhanced performance in image recognition tasks?

Launch of AlexNet Signup and view all the answers

What was one outcome of acquiring DeepMind by Google in 2014?

Advancements in deep learning and reinforcement learning Signup and view all the answers

What breakthrough did DeepMind achieve with AlphaFold in 2021?

Predicting protein folding with significant accuracy Signup and view all the answers

Which advancements in AI technologies were highlighted as continuing trends in 2022?

Natural language processing, computer vision, and ethical frameworks Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Second AI Winter (1987-1993)

Occurred due to high costs and unsatisfactory results leading to a withdrawal of funding from investors and governments.
Expert systems, such as XCON, showcased cost-effectiveness despite the broader decline in AI investment.

Emergence of Intelligent Agents (1993-2011)

1997: IBM's Deep Blue defeats chess champion Gary Kasparov, marking a significant achievement in AI performance.
2002: Roomba introduces AI into homes as the first smart vacuum cleaner.
2006: Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix start employing AI technologies, signifying AI's entrance into the business sector.

Milestones of AI in the 2010s

2011: IBM's Watson wins Jeopardy!, illustrating advancements in natural language processing.
2012: AlexNet wins the ImageNet competition, significantly enhancing image recognition capabilities through deep learning.
2014: Google acquires DeepMind, a company specializing in deep learning and reinforcement learning techniques.
2016: DeepMind's AlphaGo beats Lee Sedol, the Go world champion, representing a major milestone in strategic AI.
2018: Release of OpenAI's GPT-2, showcasing advancements in natural language generation.

Developments in the 2020s

2020: OpenAI launches GPT-3, an advanced language model known for generating human-like text.
2021: DeepMind's AlphaFold demonstrates breakthrough accomplishments in predicting protein folding structures.
2022: Continued advancements across AI fields, including natural language processing and computer vision.
2023: Growth in AI ethics and fairness, with frameworks like AI Fairness 360 gaining importance.
2024: Expansion of AI applications across industries, particularly in healthcare, finance, and autonomous vehicles.

Overview of Artificial Intelligence

AI represents a fast-evolving technology aimed at creating intelligent machines capable of human-like behavior and decision-making.
Composed of two parts: "Artificial" meaning man-made, and "Intelligence" indicating cognitive abilities.

Historical Context of Artificial Intelligence

AI's roots extend back to ancient myths of mechanical men in Greek and Egyptian cultures.
Milestones in AI history highlight its development from an academic concept to practical applications.

Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

1943: Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts propose a model of artificial neurons, laying groundwork for neural networks.
1949: Donald Hebb introduces Hebbian learning, defining how neurons strengthen connections through activity.
1950: Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," proposing the Turing test for machine intelligence.

Birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

1955: Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon develop the "Logic Theorist," the first AI program capable of proving mathematical theorems.
1956: John McCarthy coins the term "Artificial Intelligence" at the Dartmouth Conference, officially establishing the field.

The Golden Years of Early Enthusiasm (1956-1974)

1966: Development of algorithms for solving mathematical problems; Joseph Weizenbaum creates ELIZA, the first chatbot.
1972: WABOT-1, Japan’s first intelligent humanoid robot, is constructed.

The First AI Winter (1974-1980)

This period saw diminished government funding and interest in AI research, leading to a decline in advancements and public enthusiasm for the field.

A Boom in AI (1980-1987)

1980: The revival of AI research with the rise of expert systems, designed to mimic human expert decision-making.
1980: The first national conference of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence takes place at Stanford University, indicating a resurgence of interest in the field.

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Description

This quiz covers significant events in AI history from the second AI winter (1987-1993) to the emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011). It highlights key milestones like IBM's Deep Blue defeating Gary Kasparov in 1997. Test your knowledge on the evolution of artificial intelligence during these pivotal years.