Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge defined as?
What is the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge defined as?
The Turing Test was designed to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence.
The Turing Test was designed to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence.
True
In which year did AlphaGo defeat Lee Sedol?
In which year did AlphaGo defeat Lee Sedol?
2016
Artificial intelligence is concerned with the computational understanding of what is commonly called intelligent __________.
Artificial intelligence is concerned with the computational understanding of what is commonly called intelligent __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following individuals with their definitions of Artificial Intelligence:
Match the following individuals with their definitions of Artificial Intelligence:
Signup and view all the answers
According to Russell and Norvig, what are the two main categories of definitions of AI?
According to Russell and Norvig, what are the two main categories of definitions of AI?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of the cognitive modeling approach to AI?
What is the primary goal of the cognitive modeling approach to AI?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of the Turing Test approach to AI?
What is the primary focus of the Turing Test approach to AI?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of the Normative approach to AI?
What is the primary goal of the Normative approach to AI?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the interdisciplinary field that brings together computer models from AI and experimental techniques from psychology?
What is the interdisciplinary field that brings together computer models from AI and experimental techniques from psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of the course described in the chapter?
What is the primary focus of the course described in the chapter?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a subfield of AI?
Which of the following is NOT a subfield of AI?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the Dartmouth Workshop in 1956?
What is the significance of the Dartmouth Workshop in 1956?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of intelligence, according to the chapter?
What is the primary characteristic of intelligence, according to the chapter?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of AlphaGo's victory in 2016?
What is the significance of AlphaGo's victory in 2016?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
- This course provides an introduction to Artificial Intelligence techniques
- Covers problem solving, knowledge representation and reasoning, and uncertain knowledge representation and reasoning
Course Outline
- What is AI?
- The Foundations of AI
- The History of AI
- Fundamental Techniques of AI
- AI in Everyday Life
- Some Sub-fields of AI
Rise of AI
- In March 2016, AlphaGo defeated Lee Sedol, a South Korean 9-dan professional Go player, by 4-1
- Birth of AI: Dartmouth Workshop in August 1956, where scientists and mathematicians discussed how to make machines simulate human learning and other features of intelligence
What is Intelligence?
- Defined as the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge and the ability of thought and reason
What is AI?
- Charniak and McDermott: “Artificial intelligence is the study of mental faculties through the use of computational models.”
- Shapiro: “Artificial intelligence is a field of science and engineering concerned with the computational understanding of what is commonly called intelligent behavior, and with the creation of artifacts that exhibit such behavior.”
- Rich and Knight: “The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better.”
- Russell and Norvig: four categories of AI definitions:
- Human Performance
- Ideal Performance
- Thinking Humanly
- Acting Rationally
Acting Humanly: The Turing Test Approach
- Designed to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence
- A computer passes the test if a human interrogator cannot tell whether written responses come from a person or a computer
- Suggested major components of AI:
- Natural Language Processing
- Knowledge Representation
- Automated Reasoning
- Machine Learning
- Computer Vision
- Robotics
Thinking Humanly: The Cognitive Modeling Approach
- Determining how humans think through introspection, psychological experiments, and brain imaging
- Cognitive science brings together computer models from AI and experimental techniques from psychology to construct precise and testable theories of the human mind
Thinking Rationally: Laws of Thought
- Normative (or prescriptive) rather than descriptive
- Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes?
- Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic
Acting Rationally
- Rational behavior: doing the right thing, which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information
- An agent is an entity that perceives and acts
- An intelligent agent: its actions are appropriate for its goals and circumstances, is flexible to changing environments and goals, learns from experience, and makes appropriate choices given perceptual limitations and limited resources
The Foundations of AI
- Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on multiple disciplines, including computer science, linguistics, biology, mathematics, psychology, and engineering
The History of AI
- 1943: McCulloch & Pitts - Boolean circuit model of brain
- 1950: Turing's “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
- 1950s: Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, and Gelernter's Geometry Engine
- 1956: Dartmouth meeting: “Artificial Intelligence” adopted
- 1965: Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
- 1966-74: AI discovers computational complexity - Neural network research almost disappears
- 1969-79: Early development of knowledge-based systems
- 1980-88: Expert systems industry booms
- 1988-93: Expert systems industry busts: “AI Winter”
- 1985-95: Neural networks return to popularity
- 1988-: Resurgence of probability; general increase in technical depth - “Nouvelle AI”: ALife, GAs, soft computing
- 1995-: Agents, agents, everywhere
- 2003-: Human-level AI back on the agenda
Introduction to AI
- The course provides an introduction to Artificial Intelligence techniques
- Topics covered include:
- Introduction to AI
- Problem Solving
- Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
- Uncertain Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
Course Textbook
- Russell, S. and Norvig, P. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Prentice Hall, 4th edition, 2018
- Luger, F., George. Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving. Addison-Wesley, 6th edition, 2009
What is AI?
- Intelligence may be defined as:
- The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge
- The ability of thought and reason
- Definitions of AI:
- Charniak and McDermott: "Artificial intelligence is the study of mental faculties through the use of computational models"
- Shapiro: "Artificial intelligence is a field of science and engineering concerned with the computational understanding of what is commonly called intelligent behavior, and with the creation of artifacts that exhibit such behavior"
- Rich and Knight: "The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better"
Categories of AI Definitions
- According to Russell and Norvig, definitions of AI fall into four categories:
- Human Performance
- Ideal Performance
- Thinking Humanly
- Thinking Rationally
Turing Test Approach
- The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence
- A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person or from a computer
- Major components of AI:
- Natural Language Processing
- Knowledge Representation
- Automated Reasoning
- Machine Learning
- Computer Vision
- Robotics
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This course introduces artificial intelligence techniques, covering topics such as intelligent agents, problem solving, and knowledge representation and reasoning. Learn about AI fundamentals and its applications.
