AI and Ethics: Navigating Challenges and Responsibilities

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) has greatly advanced humanity across various fields, however ethical considerations are necessary.
• Humanity faces numerous challenges requiring new ideas to adapt to the times.
• These challenges include labor, economics, human improvement, military, security, politics, and law.
• Hans Jonas's principle of responsibility is helpful for addressing challenges in AI
• AI's development has triggered significant changes in various life areas.
• Technological power intervenes and alters lives due to its expansive force.
• Competition between human and artificial intelligence is expected in the coming decades.
• It is not about advocating for technophobia, but rather reflecting on AI's effects on human lives.
• AI concept should not be above good and evil, free from moral consideration
• It is about identifying relevant technological advancements in AI.
• It is also about identifying the ethical implications in many of areas of life like those in the professional, medical, or military fields
• Responsibility assumed from a place of fear encourages caution and guards against technocentrism and scientific dogmatism.
• A first step for awareness is to be responsible as task which is growing in a time of focus on AI's highlights, but with a darker side.

Defining AI

• Defining AI that captures all considerations is difficult.
• This section aims to clarify AI's concept and significance.
• Conceptualizing AI has many definitions from different perspectives, though common ground exists.
• A core idea involves creating computer programs or machines capable of behaviors considered intelligent in humans.
• Creating programs or machines which are able to perform behaviors that would, if conducted by a human would be considered intelligent
• This is a broad definition that is capable of generating consensus
• Variety of expert definitions are close-ended and conflict.
• Reluctance to commit to one definition is preferable.
• The definition which is described is related to John McCarthy's 1955 suggestion.
• This definition has flaws due to being proposed mid-20th century before AI had sufficiently developed.
• Consensus towards intelligence markers in concrete contexts exists but applying these to machines is questionable.
• Considering human capabilities as a benchmark for AI evaluation is problematic.
• Machines completing tasks in milliseconds versus human inability shows the absurdity of direct intelligence comparisons, especially as these events will increase

Current State of AI

• Defining AI concretely is difficult.
• AI system should have basic characteristics, including learning ability known as "machine learning" in computation.
• Basic characteristics also include managing uncertainty, probable information, and forming concepts from combinatorial representations for logical and intuitive reasoning.
• Nilsson defines artificial intelligence as study of intelligent machine behavior
• Intelligent behavior encompasses perception, reasoning, learning, communication, and acting thoroughly.
• Long-term AI goals include developing machines that perform tasks as well or better than humans and understanding this behavior in machines, humans, and animals.
• Fundamentally the goal is if machines can reach AI similar to humans.

History of AI

• Alan Turing sparked philosophical reflection on thinking machines.
• Turing's test, published in 1950, checks if a machine can think by comparing its knowledge to a human.
• Turing's test opened opportunities facilitating complex and sophisticated AI programming.
• In summer 1956, the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence at Dartmouth College symbolized AI research origins.
• Rockefeller Foundation funded the McCarthy-led meeting, promoting new programming languages to give machines intelligence; the LISP language emerged later.
• Dartmouth College event in 1956 advanced the AI community and identity
• Labs of ideas emerged and are key research areas in AI today
• This gathering led to the Logic Theorist, the 1st AI program made by Newell and Simon.
• Despite the passionate initial conference spirit the aimed advancements were unfruitful

AI Technology Today

• AI surpasses human intelligence in video games via computers devoted to games, displaying wins against experts.
• Deep Blue lacks true autonomy as it depends on human programming.
• Though dependent on humans and programming, Deep blue is an IA advancement per Kasparov, in 2017
• AI is present in numerous fields and some may not be impressed due to perceptions changing with tech progress.
• AI is used for optical recognition like mail sorting and digitizing documents as well as Google's automatic translation and facial recognition used at border crossings like Amsterdam-Schiphol and in the U.S. and Australia.
• AI provides military advancements like wide-scale robots for disarming bombs and autonomous drones
• AI is its principal tool in the military career
• AI has helped improve Internet: tracing emails, monitoring preference like Amazon
• Online credit card transactions also redirected by IA
• Google is the main example of virtual life

Technological Downfalls

• Citibank pioneered AI use in finance in the 1980s, followed by Security Pacific National Bank (1987).
• Trading and financial firms now widely use AI for simple to complex financial exchanges.
• AI is used for personal finance apps like Kasisto, Moneystream, and Wallet.AI and general lending/fraud detection like Lending Club, Affirm, Prosper Daily, and ZestFinance.
• Tech manages large amounts of money and engages in monetary dealings that compromise people's lives, such as the 2010 Flash Crash. This example although not sophisticated serves to illustrate the scale of money and danger when tech is compromised
• Jerry Kaplan notes automation examples in Abstenerse humanos, notably Amazon and Agrobot, an agricultural company in Huelva, Spain, using AI-based machinery (developed in Oxnard, California) to harvest strawberries, replacing human labor.
• Google promoted autonomous vehicle design in 2008
• Google looked to prove to the world they could create self driving cars
• Google hired DARPA's engineers
• Google's interest was in its engineers improving results of DARPA races.
• Driverless car adoption could spark new mobility and human-car interactions, requiring ethical reflection.

Opinions of the Future

• Current AI development focuses on information theory and practical problem-solving systems
• There's not complete agreement on IA's future
• Experts have varying views on AI's future with disagreement as to the timeline and form AI might take.
• Bostrom references research by the Future of Humanity Institute and Oxford University.
• There is not a consensus around IA's future
• Enquires surround when experts anticipate will artificial intelligence reach human level.
• Boston Dynamics has experienced numerou advancements
• In the last 25 years the time requires to created projects has increased in the AI space
• AI researchers recognize the role of important learning to human intelliegence
• They also ask if human learning can happen in computers
• Aim is programs which allow for pattern creation

Intellects and the future

• Intellectuals of AI include Bostrom and Ray Kurzweil who are focused future IA projections
• Bostrom addresses "superintelligence" while the other focuses on "singularity," each dedicating a book to these topics
• It will pose challenges, necessary for philosophies and ethics
• Potentiating individual liberty is achievable but it also perceives and suffers from societal fragmentation, isolation, environmental and planetary concerns, while also exhibiting increasing solidarity incapacity and morality neutralizes ethical responsibility per Linares, 2008.
• AI tech design and production are relentlessly following a logic that changes the way we respond to the machines
• Bostrom says the intellectual AI will become totally independent by the intellect.
• A deep ethical consideration is necessary
• "Kinetic" intelligence explosion by Bostrom, 2016 showcases how the speed of synchronicity and take-off when the levels of IA are level.
• Singularities are another term used from the IA field
• Raymond Kurzweil considers that singularitites can be perfect
• He also believes the whole the construct of the based in a universal understanding of the entity by affirming that human IA processing will be increase
• Harms Moravec, is convinced that 21st century machines will exceed human intelligence
• Kurzweil's growth will be exponential

Hans Jonas' Responsibility

• In 1979, Hans Jonas in The Imperative of Responsibility addresses civilization's tech-driven challenges via ethics, published as ecological consciousness began.
• The ecological awareness which is built is beneficial and applicable to the to the future of IA
• The core goal is the awareness of humanity and also nature's survival and shift via implementation of responsibility.
• Tech's sleepwalking creates the belief that our issues vanish, similar to tech easing present activities; therefore, humanity benefits from tech advancement.
• This perspective is very optimistic with a utopian twist
• The supporters tend to defend the absence of moral and axiological implications as ethical neutrality per the creactions and scientific communities per the scientific creations.
• Problematizing past creations are not moral; rather for technical application.
• Technical production has economic trade-offs instead of a common human good
• Tech enhanced lives and nature and threatens inner and outer man
• Human capabilities has changed mankind is playing with man's capabilities

Techno-Scientific Design

• Techno-scientific design production occurs with speed, inviting fast reflection
• Techno-scientific production logic led the man to nihilism and inmobilism, a loss of questions to technilogical progress.
• Humans cannot questions things as they are without the presence of past precedence.
• The prior theories of ethics do not help the technoscience with bias towards anthropocentrism
• Ethical theories have shown to be insufficient and new answers should be proposed
• Jonas feels the tech has contemporary aspects which configure the entire world
• The magnitude and the ambivalance and ethical importance, plus a quasi element that becomes the force humans can become the paradoxical Jonas per pp 38-39
• Tech's powers has no end the consequences of human action is hard to predict and easy to increase risk
• Jonas is the start in to be a form with ethical guidance to the powers of tech.
• To avoid the endangering future there should be no scientific or Jonas's statements
• The collection of a humanity presence should never be lost.
• Possibilities of inconsequential tech should consider our future and be mindful not to abuse
• The german philosophers states that the responsibility goes beyond the reactions
• Responsibility goes hand in hand with commitment
• Hotel Schloss Fuschl of Austria in 1981, Jonas stated the following

Responsibilities

• The first responsibility it formal by the moral act itself and there must accountability
• There must future inearthments to recognize the meaning of human, 1997.
• Science and the lack of future should increase to have the power of thinking and considering the disastrous catastrophes and should aim to decrease suffering.
• Jonas says to not be afraid of knowledge and be preminient over knowledge and that they are linked via a fundamental assumption
• The heuristial fear aids philosophers in being the first plan
• Jonas talks of responsbily which it goes hand in hand with what we are and what exisit, a real commitment and also the world
• Collective behaviour does not guard humankind instead it guards human life
• There must responsibility for power as Josep M Esquilo shows, 2011

Liability from AI future

• Once past Jonass idea which considers our responsibity the reimplementation goes hand in hand with a lot of development
• There is vast impacts from the AI sectors
• This refection shows the future of the economy and the human and military aspect
• Technology is transfering the fields
• Transformation helps many areas, however they tend to follow the guidelines from automation per 2016
• Aim is to save power and costs and the optimization is something many companies do
• It has historically improves systems by upgrading with improvement, but nowadays tend to follow technology in a profession, instead of manual
• Many that are monotonous stay in the automation sector
• Apps for phones improve menus via phone
• There is a growing familiaritarily with the the AI that we do not know what sytsems there are
• More and more jobs are be automated
• Many jobs that use to be under threat are now affected meaning there has be an impact of change.

Robotics

• Competition and false workers, per 2016.
• Robot run faster in a lot of jobs one is to move a box
• The robots are not able to be hurt
• This has increased in the sector per the federation of robotics 2017.
• There are many thoughts on technology and robots
• Many positive and negative views on the industry as well
• Puebla, 2016, had people such as Matt Riley
• A catastrophic impact should not implpy an open oppostion
• To apply there needs to ethics appled

Inherent Responsibility

• Private institutions discuss the field together
• The strategy should be to reject and reduce the impact
• This show the esense of the individual and well as nature
• Syntheics should provide a risk to human essence
• To provide freedom from future aspects we need to be responsible
• Ethical alternatives should decrease human
• Discusss alternatives

Human betterment

• The future is coming
• The aim of medicine is correcting things that are wrong rather than building
• There is a judeo christain tradition which comes from nature vs intangible rather than fixing which is not possible
• The transhuman tradition opposes to human nature
• Science and technology provide reasons for the the way we think
• Also goes against the traditions in a way the humans perfect the limitless aspect which is defended.
• Horizon shows that limitations shouldn't be in place because we can become more
• Several reasons include incerase interlligence
• Bostrom provided reasons to to be the defensor in science terms.
• Bostrom shows in 2016 new apportions

Future goals

• Superintelligence in order to show the developments in what it means to have AI and transhumanisim
• Even with the recogizing this Savulescsur 2017, is what the main author should be in
• As DIguesz has said
• Many new promise has be created to increase the power of human

More information

• Aubrey des Gray promotes biotechnology
• Vernor Vinage feels that IA are similar.
• Viabalada states the machine's need to alternative
• Tech identificies how to get the best from tech methods
• Neuroscience should progress more
• IA is closely tied with biotenech which is well knwon

Military

• AI in automation is impressive
• Singer feels that tech will increase and the lines will fall, which must be discussed.
• AI stays for military purposes
• 2001, El PAIs show DARPA tech developments
• James MAtts will continuie to help Google
• That there is a drive behind automation and AI What can CIWS and robotics teach us?
• Issues also occur
• Such as is it possible for computers to follow war rules.
• Should robots know who is injured

Robot thoughts

• Arkin asks these questions when looking at leathal behaviour
• Must reflect how military changes that take the future in mind
• How human dignity shows be accounted for via Law
• COMES showed the best ways to follow things and create safe and ethical robotos
• Joque helps with deconstructions
• Drones has improved armies but the definition should focus from Chamuyou
• UNESCO believes there is an abncy of drone hazards
• ONU is nervous about effects of how technology helps military
• There can be a way that must be shown such as the DIH ways that are showed
• This means that there are no reasons that drones cannot follow law if the COMEsT approves
• In summation must think of the impacts and AI drives, from there there is some safety.
• Tech is becoming known, and there has be to a consideration
• Humanity must discuss things.
• Therefor be willing with more power
• Not enough reflextion is there, and some things are too tech reliant

References

• Arkin, Ronald. (2011). Governing Lethal Behavior: Embedding Ethics in a Hybrid Deliberative/Reactive Robot Architecture.
• Blue Brain Proyect. (2015). École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausana.
• Bostrom, N. (2008). Why I Want to be a Posthuman When I Grow Up. Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity. Bostrom, N. (2016). Superinteligencia, caminos, peligros, estrategias.
• Bostrom, N. & Savulescu, J. (2017). Mejoramiento humano.
• Brain research through advancing innovative neurotechnologies-BRAIN Proyect. (2014). Departament of health & human services.
• Chamayou, G. (2015). A Theory of the Drone. De Gray, A. & Rae, M. (2013). El fin del envejecimiento
• Diéguez, A. (2017). Transhumanismo.
• Esquirol, J. (2011). Los filósofos contemporáneos y la técnica.
• Federacional Internacional de Robótica. (2017). The Impact of Robots on Productivity, Employment and Jobs.
• Human Brain Proyect. (2010-2020). Comisión Europea.
• Jonas, H. (1995). El principio de responsabilidad. Ensayo de una ética para la civilización tecnológica.
• Jonas, H. (1997). Técnica, medicina y ética: sobre la práctica del principio de responsabilidad.
• Jonas, H. (2001). Más cerca del perverso fin y otros diálogos y ensayos.
• Joque, J. (2018). Deconstruction machines: writing in the age of cyberwar.
• Kaplan, J. (2016). Abstenerse humanos. Guía para la riqueza y el trabajo en la era de la inteligencia artificial.
• Kaplan, J. (2016). Inteligencia artificial. Lo que todo el mundo debe saber.
• Kasparov, G. (2017). Deep thinking. Where Machine Intelligence Ends.
• Kurzweil, R. (2017). La singularidad está cerca.
• Lin, P.; Bekey, G. & Abney K. (2012). Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics.
• Linares, J. (2008). Ética y mundo tecnológico.
• McCorduck, P. (1991). Máquinas que piensan.
• Müller, V. & Bostrom, N. (2014). Future progress in artificial intelligence
• Nilsson, N. (2001). Inteligencia artificial: una nueva síntesis.
• Ortega, A. (2016). La imparable marcha de los robots.
• Moravec, H. (1988). El hombre tecnológico. El futuro de la robótica y la inteligencia humana.
• UNESCO. (2017). Report of COMEST on robotics ethics.
• Villalba G. & Jairo A. (2016). Problemas bioéticos emergentes de la inteligencia artificial.
• Vinge, V. (2013). Un fuego sobre el abismo.
• Winner, L. (2008). La ballena y el reactor.