Chapter 5 SVN3M1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary component that makes up soil?

  • Organic material
  • Water
  • Air
  • Weathered rock (correct)

Which soil type is considered ideal for agriculture and why?

  • Clay, because it retains water well
  • Loam, for its balance of nutrients and water retention (correct)
  • Silt, for its fine texture and easy planting
  • Sandy, due to its good drainage properties

What is one way living organisms in the soil contribute to its health?

  • They ensure plants do not absorb water
  • They decrease the amount of organic matter
  • They increase nutrient availability (correct)
  • They reduce soil drainage

What is a disadvantage of monoculture?

<p>Depletion of soil nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual pH range in which most plants thrive?

<p>6-7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of soil porosity?

<p>The size and number of spaces among soil particles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do bacteria and fungi play in the soil ecosystem?

<p>They help in the decay and recycling of materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mechanized agriculture?

<p>Raising plants and livestock using machines and fossil fuels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of using drip irrigation?

<p>It delivers water directly to the plant roots with high efficiency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an organic product?

<p>A product free from artificial growth hormones and GMOs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of rangelands?

<p>They primarily consist of ecosystems dominated by grasses and shrubs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one disadvantage of CAFOs (Confined Animal Feeding Operations)?

<p>They require large amounts of fossil fuels for production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of confined animal feeding operations?

<p>To house animals in small spaces for rapid growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do enclosed pastures provide compared to rangelands?

<p>They help maintain controlled biodiversity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common consequence of overgrazing in rangelands?

<p>Damage to the ecosystem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of using renewable energy sources?

<p>They lead to better environmental outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between agriculture and aquaculture?

<p>Agriculture includes crop and livestock production, whereas aquaculture is specifically for fish and seafood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period did the Green Revolution primarily occur?

<p>1950s-1970s (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the Green Revolution?

<p>It increased fertilizer and pesticide use. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is plant breeding primarily concerned with?

<p>Changing the traits of plants to produce desired characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between primary and secondary succession?

<p>Secondary succession involves recolonization after disturbances where soil remains intact. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are basic requirements for plant growth?

<p>Soil, sunlight, nutrients, and water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main macronutrients that plants need?

<p>Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do plants need space to grow?

<p>To ensure roots, stems, and branches have room to develop and access light. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main macro nutrients involved in crop growth?

<p>Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during eutrophication as a result of fertilizer runoff?

<p>An explosion of algae that blocks sunlight and affects aquatic life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes bioaccumulation?

<p>The gradual increase of pesticides within the same species across generations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant negative effect of using pesticides?

<p>It can kill non-target species, harming the ecosystem. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of synthetic fertilizers?

<p>To provide a fast boost of nutrients directly to plant roots. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is responsible for regulating pesticides in Canada?

<p>Pest Management Regulatory Agency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes natural pesticides from synthetic pesticides?

<p>Natural pesticides are produced by plants to defend against pests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which irrigation method involves delivering water directly to the base of each plant?

<p>Drip irrigation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is irrigation primarily used for in agriculture?

<p>To allow crops to grow in areas lacking water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which irrigation method is considered the most inefficient due to high evaporation rates?

<p>Spray Irrigation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of GMOs in agriculture?

<p>To alter genetic makeup for desired traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is NOT commonly modified in crops through genetic engineering?

<p>Frost resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of sustainable agriculture?

<p>To produce food for current needs without jeopardizing future needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of polyculture in agriculture?

<p>Increased biodiversity and conservation of resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does corn play in the Three Sisters planting method?

<p>It provides structure for beans to climb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is leaving stalks, stems, and leaves on the land after harvesting beneficial?

<p>It helps retain moisture and reduce erosion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of strip cropping?

<p>Reduces soil erosion and maintains soil fertility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does crop rotation help preserve soil nutrients?

<p>By planting crops that restore nitrogen to the soil after nutrient-depleting crops (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using mulch in soil management?

<p>To reduce soil erosion and maintain temperature and moisture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is part of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?

<p>Introduction of natural predators to control pests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is green manure?

<p>Vegetation grown and ploughed into the topsoil to enhance soil nutrients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of Integrated Pest Management?

<p>To reduce pest populations to economically acceptable levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of irrigation is considered best for soil health?

<p>Drip irrigation, as it provides water directly to the plant roots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key step in the IPM process?

<p>Identifying pests present in the area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Drip Irrigation

Delivers water directly to plant roots, achieving high efficiency (around 90%).

Recycled Water

Treated wastewater from sewage treatment plants, safe for usage after treatment.

Renewable Energy Sources

Energy sources replenished naturally, minimizing reliance on fossil fuels.

Organic Farming

Agricultural practice avoiding synthetic inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics, and GMOs.

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Livestock

Domesticated animals raised for human consumption and use.

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Rangelands

Natural ecosystems dominated by grasses, wildflowers, and shrubs for grazing.

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Enclosed Pastures

Fenced areas for grazing with managed grasses and legumes.

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CAFOs (Confined Animal Feeding Operations)

Industrialized systems for livestock, housing animals in confined spaces for rapid growth.

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Sustainable Livestock Practices

Methods aimed at production without damaging the environment – focusing on resource efficiency.

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Rotational Grazing

Moving livestock between different pasture areas periodically to prevent overgrazing/resource depletion.

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Smart Pasture Operations

Techniques in pasture management for optimized production and minimized environmental impact.

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Polyculture Systems

Crop cultivation combining different plant varieties to maximize yield and minimize pests and diseases.

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Soil Composition

A mixture of mineral particles, water, air, and organic matter. It supports plant life.

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Humus

The organic matter in soil, formed from decaying plant and animal remains.

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Soil's Living Organisms

Worms, bacteria, and fungi that decompose organic matter and improve soil structure, increasing nutrients and drainage.

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Ideal Soil for Agriculture

Loam; a blend of sand, silt, and clay with balanced water-holding capacity and nutrient retention.

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Soil Porosity

The amount of space between soil particles, affecting water absorption and drainage.

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Soil pH

A measure of soil acidity or alkalinity, important for plant growth.

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Mechanized Agriculture

Using machines and fossil fuels to grow crops and raise livestock for food.

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Monoculture

Growing only one type of crop on a large area.

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Monoculture Advantages

Easier and cheaper planting, greater crop yield.

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Monoculture Disadvantages

Reduces nutrients in soil, increases fertilizer use, creates vulnerability to pests/diseases.

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Macro Nutrients

Nutrients required in large amounts by plants, primarily nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

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Micro Nutrients

Nutrients plants need in smaller amounts, including boron, manganese, zinc, and calcium.

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Synthetic Fertilizers

Petrochemical products used to quickly boost plant growth, delivering nutrients directly to plant roots.

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Eutrophication

Excessive nutrients (like phosphorus and nitrogen) in water bodies, leading to algal blooms.

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Algae Bloom

Rapid growth of algae, blocking sunlight and depleting oxygen in water, harming aquatic life.

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Synthetic Pesticides

Chemicals created by humans to eliminate or manage pest populations like insects and fungi.

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Natural Pesticides

Substances produced by plants to defend against pests, bacteria, and fungi.

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Pests

Organisms that harm or damage crops, including insects, weeds, and fungi.

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Bioaccumulation

Increase in pesticide concentrations within an organism over time.

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Biomagnification

Increase in pesticide concentrations as the pesticide moves up the food chain.

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PMRA

Pest Control Products Act by Health Canada; strictly regulates pesticide use and risks.

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Agriculture vs. Aquaculture

Agriculture is crop and livestock production, while aquaculture focuses on fish and seafood production.

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Green Revolution

A period (1950s-1970s) marked by new plant varieties and farming methods, increasing food production.

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Green Revolution Pros

Increased food production, more efficient farming, improved machines and plant varieties.

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Green Revolution Cons

Increased fertilizer/pesticide use, more water needed, benefited companies over family farmers.

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Plant Breeding

Changing plant traits to get desired characteristics.

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Plant Breeding Traits

Characteristics like increased yield, pest tolerance, and disease resistance.

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Primary Succession

Colonizing an area with no soil or vegetation.

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Secondary Succession

Recolonizing an area after a disturbance where soil remains.

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Photosynthesis Equation

CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2

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Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP (energy)

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Plant Requirements

Sunlight, air (gases), soil, water, nutrients, and space.

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Soil Purpose

Supports and anchors plants.

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Soil Components

Soil is made of water, nutrients, minerals, and other components.

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Macronutrients

The main nutrients plants need: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK).

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Nutrient Absorption

Nutrients are dissolved in water and absorbed by plant roots.

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Plant Space

Plants need space to access sunlight and for growth.

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Strip Cropping

Planting alternating strips of different crops, including a cover crop, to reduce erosion and maintain soil fertility.

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Crop Rotation

Planting different crops in a sequence on the same land to maintain soil nutrients.

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Soil Fertility

The ability of soil to support plant growth by retaining topsoil and restoring nutrients.

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Compost

Organic matter broken down by microorganisms, improving soil structure and adding nutrients.

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Mulch

A protective layer on the ground that reduces erosion, maintains moisture, and regulates temperature.

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Green Manure

Growing and plowing vegetation into the soil to improve it, adding much needed nutrients.

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IPM

Integrated Pest Management, a method of pest control using biological, cultural, physical, and chemical methods.

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IPM Goal

Keep pest populations low to prevent economically damaging losses.

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IPM Biological Methods

Using natural predators, parasites, or disease-causing organisms to control pests.

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IPM Steps (1)

Identifying pests, monitoring population, deciding what actions are needed, cultural, physical, biological, chemical

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Irrigation

Adding water to agricultural fields to grow crops where water is scarce.

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Surface Irrigation

Water flows over fields in canals or ditches, inefficient due to water lost.

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Spray Irrigation

Water is sprayed above plants using sprinklers; highly inefficient.

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Drip Irrigation

Water is delivered directly to plant roots; conserves water but expensive.

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GMOs

Organisms with altered DNA by inserting a segment from another organism.

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GMO modified traits

Insect resistance, herbicide resistance, insect and herb resistance, virus resistance.

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Sustainable agriculture goal

Meeting current food needs without impacting future generations ability to meet theirs.

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Sustainable agriculture methods

Methods include polycultures, soil conservation, soil fertility, organic fertilizers, integrated pest management, irrigation practices, renewable energy sources, and organic farming.

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Polyculture

Growing diverse species of crops together; mimicking nature, increasing biodiversity.

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Companion Planting

Planting two or more plants together to benefit each other, such as pest control, nutrient absorption, or increased yields.

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Three Sisters

Corn, beans, and squash planted together, for mutual support and benefits.

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Soil Conservation

Protecting soil health to maintain fertility and prevent erosion.

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Strip Cropping

A soil conservation method where different crops are planted in strips.

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Study Notes

Agriculture vs Aquaculture

  • Agriculture: crop and livestock production
  • Aquaculture: fish and seafood production

The Green Revolution

  • Occurred in the 1950s-1970s
  • Introduced new plant varieties and farming methods
  • Pros: increased food production, more efficient methods
  • Cons: increased fertilizer and pesticide use, higher water needs, more benefit to large companies than small farms

Plant Breeding

  • The art and science of changing plant traits
  • Traits breeders incorporate: increased quality/yield, pest/disease resistance, tolerance to environmental pressures

Primary vs Secondary Succession

  • Primary succession: colonization of an area with no soil
  • Secondary succession: recolonization of an area after a disturbance where soil remains

Plant Requirements

  • Sunlight: Photosynthesis (CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2), Cellular respiration (C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP)
  • Gases: needed for photosynthesis and respiration
  • Soil: supports and anchors the plant
  • Water: used for photosynthesis, dissolving nutrients
  • Nutrients and minerals: needed for growth
  • Space: needed for roots, stems and branches to grow

Soil Components

  • Mineral grains, air, water, and organic matter (humus)
  • Weathered rock, decaying organic matter, bedrock
  • Humus: organic material, increases water-holding ability and acidity, improves soil structure, makes nutrients easier to absorb

Soil Properties

  • Porosity: the space among soil particles
  • pH: the acidity or basicity of soil; most plants thrive in slightly acidic to neutral soil (6-7)

Mechanized Agriculture

  • "Mechanized agriculture": uses machines and fossil fuels for plant and livestock production
  • Monoculture: growing a single crop on a large scale
  • Advantages: easier and less expensive to plant and grow, increased crop yields
  • Disadvantages: same crops year-after-year removes soil nutrients, lack of biodiversity, more vulnerable to pests and diseases

Nutrients

  • Macronutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK)
  • Micro-Nutrients: Boron, Manganese, Zinc, Calcium

Soil Organisms

  • Worms: mix organic and inorganic matter, increase nutrient availability, soil drainage
  • Bacteria and Fungi: decay and recycling of materials

GMOs

  • Genetically Modified Organisms
  • Examples of modified traits: insect resistance, herbicide resistance, virus resistance, insect and herb resistance

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SVN3M1 Chapter 5 Test Review PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the differences between agriculture and aquaculture, including the impacts of the Green Revolution and the science of plant breeding. Explore concepts of ecological succession and the essential requirements for plant growth. This quiz combines agricultural practices with essential biological principles.

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