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Questions and Answers
Dung beetles are known for their low impact on the ______.
Dung beetles are known for their low impact on the ______.
environment
Buffalo fly traps can remove up to ______% of buffalo flies each time cattle pass through.
Buffalo fly traps can remove up to ______% of buffalo flies each time cattle pass through.
80
The rumen has a symbiotic relationship between animals and ______.
The rumen has a symbiotic relationship between animals and ______.
microbes
Increasing the production of microbes in the rumen assists in lifting milk ______ and composition.
Increasing the production of microbes in the rumen assists in lifting milk ______ and composition.
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The two main groups of rumen microbes are fibre-digesters and ______ microbes.
The two main groups of rumen microbes are fibre-digesters and ______ microbes.
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Buffalo fly traps may be ______ to implement, but they are effective when used consistently.
Buffalo fly traps may be ______ to implement, but they are effective when used consistently.
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Rumen microbes provide up to ______% of a cow's protein requirements.
Rumen microbes provide up to ______% of a cow's protein requirements.
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Dry periods can negatively impact the numbers of ______ in the dung beetle population.
Dry periods can negatively impact the numbers of ______ in the dung beetle population.
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Lactation is the secretion of ______ to supply young with nutrients.
Lactation is the secretion of ______ to supply young with nutrients.
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Farmers aim for each cow to produce a calf every ______ months.
Farmers aim for each cow to produce a calf every ______ months.
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Milk is produced in 4 mammary ______.
Milk is produced in 4 mammary ______.
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Milk made in glands called ______ empties into larger ducts.
Milk made in glands called ______ empties into larger ducts.
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Milk letdown involves the nervous system, ______ system, and hormones.
Milk letdown involves the nervous system, ______ system, and hormones.
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______ stimulates udder growth in mammals.
______ stimulates udder growth in mammals.
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Colostrum is a substance secreted by the mammary gland in late ______.
Colostrum is a substance secreted by the mammary gland in late ______.
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Some nutrients like calcium and phosphorus pass into milk and remain ______.
Some nutrients like calcium and phosphorus pass into milk and remain ______.
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Carcasses of dairy breeds are leaner than those of ______.
Carcasses of dairy breeds are leaner than those of ______.
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Females are ______ than castrated males, which are fatter than entire males.
Females are ______ than castrated males, which are fatter than entire males.
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Growth hormone is responsible for the growth of ______ and muscle.
Growth hormone is responsible for the growth of ______ and muscle.
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Thyroid hormones regulate energy metabolism and ______ rate.
Thyroid hormones regulate energy metabolism and ______ rate.
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Testosterone increases the formation of muscle protein and ______ growth.
Testosterone increases the formation of muscle protein and ______ growth.
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Extremes in ______ may affect growth in animals.
Extremes in ______ may affect growth in animals.
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Stress levels can be reduced by adjusting the ______ rate.
Stress levels can be reduced by adjusting the ______ rate.
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The development of the animal is progressing at a satisfactory ______.
The development of the animal is progressing at a satisfactory ______.
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Sustainable harvesting of fish and other aquatic resources is allowed at ______ in NSW.
Sustainable harvesting of fish and other aquatic resources is allowed at ______ in NSW.
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Prime lamb is produced from Merino ewes crossed with Border Leicester rams and Poll ______ terminal sire.
Prime lamb is produced from Merino ewes crossed with Border Leicester rams and Poll ______ terminal sire.
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HYSEX Brown chickens produce high quantities of ______ throughout the year.
HYSEX Brown chickens produce high quantities of ______ throughout the year.
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Cobb ______ is known for its excellent feed conversion efficiency in broiler production.
Cobb ______ is known for its excellent feed conversion efficiency in broiler production.
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Sherman's Red peaches can be value-added by turning them into ______ or sorbet.
Sherman's Red peaches can be value-added by turning them into ______ or sorbet.
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Washington navel oranges are ______, making them easier to eat.
Washington navel oranges are ______, making them easier to eat.
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Managed by Parramatta Beekeepers Association, honey is harvested in ______.
Managed by Parramatta Beekeepers Association, honey is harvested in ______.
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Foot and hoof paring is an activity performed to ensure the good health of ______.
Foot and hoof paring is an activity performed to ensure the good health of ______.
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In January, farmers begin the operations for the First Cross Ewe ______.
In January, farmers begin the operations for the First Cross Ewe ______.
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During lambing, supplementary feeding of the ewes is needed with ______ hay.
During lambing, supplementary feeding of the ewes is needed with ______ hay.
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Cow's colostrum contains more dry matter, mineral salts, and ______ than mature milk.
Cow's colostrum contains more dry matter, mineral salts, and ______ than mature milk.
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Cow's colostrum has higher concentrations of certain immunoglobulins, Vitamin ______ and Vitamin D.
Cow's colostrum has higher concentrations of certain immunoglobulins, Vitamin ______ and Vitamin D.
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The requirements for the welfare of cattle include adequate levels of ______ to sustain good health.
The requirements for the welfare of cattle include adequate levels of ______ to sustain good health.
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Cattle need access to sufficient ______ of suitable quality to meet psychological needs.
Cattle need access to sufficient ______ of suitable quality to meet psychological needs.
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Cattle require social contact with other cattle, but with sufficient space to stand, to lie down, and to ______ their limbs.
Cattle require social contact with other cattle, but with sufficient space to stand, to lie down, and to ______ their limbs.
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Protection from ______ is one of the essential welfare requirements for cattle.
Protection from ______ is one of the essential welfare requirements for cattle.
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Healthy cattle should not be deprived of access to water for periods longer than ______ hours.
Healthy cattle should not be deprived of access to water for periods longer than ______ hours.
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Cattle may require mineral ______ to ensure they meet their dietary needs.
Cattle may require mineral ______ to ensure they meet their dietary needs.
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Changes to cattle's diet should be introduced ______ to avoid digestive issues.
Changes to cattle's diet should be introduced ______ to avoid digestive issues.
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Cattle adapt to their familiar surroundings, including ______ with other cows.
Cattle adapt to their familiar surroundings, including ______ with other cows.
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Study Notes
Aquatic Resources
- Brewarrina in NSW supports sustainable harvesting of fish and aquatic resources.
School Farm Enterprises
- Prime Lamb: Crossing Merino ewes with Border Leicester rams and Poll Dorset sires leads to fast growth and excellent carcass traits. Sold at 30-35 kg.
- Angus Stud: Purebred Angus self-replacing herd, bulls selected for genetic traits to be sold at 300-350 kg.
- Free Range Eggs: HYSEX Brown hens produce high volumes year-round, sold at $5 per carton.
- Broiler Production: 60 Cobb 500 chickens per batch, reaching 2-2.5 kg in 6 weeks, with carcasses sold at $10 each.
- Peaches: Sherman’s Red variety can be value-added into jam or sorbet.
- Washington Navel Oranges: Seedless variety, harvested in June, offered for pick-your-own at $2/kg.
- Hydroponic Vegetables: 400 seasonal leafy vegetables sold at $2 per bunch.
- Sweet Corn: Disease-resistant summer crop, sold at $1 each.
- Honey Production: Managed by Parramatta Beekeepers Association, harvested in summer and sold in various sizes.
Farm Resources
- Topography: Undulating, north-facing land enhances drainage; careful management needed to prevent runoff into creeks.
- Pasture Seeding: Direct drilling method used to sow summer legumes (e.g., lucerne) and winter grasses (e.g., perennial ryegrass).
Calendar of Operations for Ewe Flock
- January - December: Seasonal activities include joining, lambing, supplementary feeding, vaccination, and selling of lambs with detailed management practices.
Growth and Development Factors
- Body Composition: Optimal carcass includes maximum muscle, appropriate fat, and minimum bone—affected by breed, sex, nutrition, hormones, and genetics.
- Genetic Influence: Early maturing breeds can be sold earlier and require lower feed costs.
External Factors Affecting Growth
- Nutrition: Quality feed is essential; supplements provided when inadequate.
- Climate: Extreme weather impacts feeding behavior and energy use.
- Disease: Vaccinations and treatments necessary to maintain growth rates and health.
- Stress: Reduced by appropriate husbandry practices.
Rumen Microbiology
- Benefits: Rumen microbes aid in digestion by breaking down feed for energy, supplying 70-90% of protein requirements for dairy cows.
- Microbial Roles: Different types of microbes in the rumen serve varying digestive functions.
Lactation Process
- Importance: Milk secretion is crucial for the survival of young mammals, with a focus on enhancing production through reproductive system manipulation.
Milk Production
- Anatomy: Milk produced in mammary glands (alveoli), emptied into larger ducts, and collected in a cistern.
- Letdown Mechanism: Involves hormonal release (oxytocin) in response to neural stimulation during milking.
Colostrum Significance
- Nutritional Value: Higher in dry matter, minerals, and immunoglobulins than mature milk, crucial for newborn survival.
Animal Welfare Standards
- Requirements: Adequate nutrition, water access, social interaction, and protection from harm and environmental extremes are essential for cattle welfare.
- Management Strategies: Ensure good feeding practices, provide ample water, and avoid overcrowding to maintain animal well-being.
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Description
This quiz covers the key aspects of the Prime Lambs case study within the Agriculture Programme at James Ruse Agricultural High School. Explore sustainable farming practices and the efficient management of school farm enterprises over a term of study.
