Podcast
Questions and Answers
Dung beetles are known for their low impact on the ______.
Dung beetles are known for their low impact on the ______.
environment
Buffalo fly traps can remove up to ______% of buffalo flies each time cattle pass through.
Buffalo fly traps can remove up to ______% of buffalo flies each time cattle pass through.
80
The rumen has a symbiotic relationship between animals and ______.
The rumen has a symbiotic relationship between animals and ______.
microbes
Increasing the production of microbes in the rumen assists in lifting milk ______ and composition.
Increasing the production of microbes in the rumen assists in lifting milk ______ and composition.
The two main groups of rumen microbes are fibre-digesters and ______ microbes.
The two main groups of rumen microbes are fibre-digesters and ______ microbes.
Buffalo fly traps may be ______ to implement, but they are effective when used consistently.
Buffalo fly traps may be ______ to implement, but they are effective when used consistently.
Rumen microbes provide up to ______% of a cow's protein requirements.
Rumen microbes provide up to ______% of a cow's protein requirements.
Dry periods can negatively impact the numbers of ______ in the dung beetle population.
Dry periods can negatively impact the numbers of ______ in the dung beetle population.
Lactation is the secretion of ______ to supply young with nutrients.
Lactation is the secretion of ______ to supply young with nutrients.
Farmers aim for each cow to produce a calf every ______ months.
Farmers aim for each cow to produce a calf every ______ months.
Milk is produced in 4 mammary ______.
Milk is produced in 4 mammary ______.
Milk made in glands called ______ empties into larger ducts.
Milk made in glands called ______ empties into larger ducts.
Milk letdown involves the nervous system, ______ system, and hormones.
Milk letdown involves the nervous system, ______ system, and hormones.
______ stimulates udder growth in mammals.
______ stimulates udder growth in mammals.
Colostrum is a substance secreted by the mammary gland in late ______.
Colostrum is a substance secreted by the mammary gland in late ______.
Some nutrients like calcium and phosphorus pass into milk and remain ______.
Some nutrients like calcium and phosphorus pass into milk and remain ______.
Carcasses of dairy breeds are leaner than those of ______.
Carcasses of dairy breeds are leaner than those of ______.
Females are ______ than castrated males, which are fatter than entire males.
Females are ______ than castrated males, which are fatter than entire males.
Growth hormone is responsible for the growth of ______ and muscle.
Growth hormone is responsible for the growth of ______ and muscle.
Thyroid hormones regulate energy metabolism and ______ rate.
Thyroid hormones regulate energy metabolism and ______ rate.
Testosterone increases the formation of muscle protein and ______ growth.
Testosterone increases the formation of muscle protein and ______ growth.
Extremes in ______ may affect growth in animals.
Extremes in ______ may affect growth in animals.
Stress levels can be reduced by adjusting the ______ rate.
Stress levels can be reduced by adjusting the ______ rate.
The development of the animal is progressing at a satisfactory ______.
The development of the animal is progressing at a satisfactory ______.
Sustainable harvesting of fish and other aquatic resources is allowed at ______ in NSW.
Sustainable harvesting of fish and other aquatic resources is allowed at ______ in NSW.
Prime lamb is produced from Merino ewes crossed with Border Leicester rams and Poll ______ terminal sire.
Prime lamb is produced from Merino ewes crossed with Border Leicester rams and Poll ______ terminal sire.
HYSEX Brown chickens produce high quantities of ______ throughout the year.
HYSEX Brown chickens produce high quantities of ______ throughout the year.
Cobb ______ is known for its excellent feed conversion efficiency in broiler production.
Cobb ______ is known for its excellent feed conversion efficiency in broiler production.
Sherman's Red peaches can be value-added by turning them into ______ or sorbet.
Sherman's Red peaches can be value-added by turning them into ______ or sorbet.
Washington navel oranges are ______, making them easier to eat.
Washington navel oranges are ______, making them easier to eat.
Managed by Parramatta Beekeepers Association, honey is harvested in ______.
Managed by Parramatta Beekeepers Association, honey is harvested in ______.
Foot and hoof paring is an activity performed to ensure the good health of ______.
Foot and hoof paring is an activity performed to ensure the good health of ______.
In January, farmers begin the operations for the First Cross Ewe ______.
In January, farmers begin the operations for the First Cross Ewe ______.
During lambing, supplementary feeding of the ewes is needed with ______ hay.
During lambing, supplementary feeding of the ewes is needed with ______ hay.
Cow's colostrum contains more dry matter, mineral salts, and ______ than mature milk.
Cow's colostrum contains more dry matter, mineral salts, and ______ than mature milk.
Cow's colostrum has higher concentrations of certain immunoglobulins, Vitamin ______ and Vitamin D.
Cow's colostrum has higher concentrations of certain immunoglobulins, Vitamin ______ and Vitamin D.
The requirements for the welfare of cattle include adequate levels of ______ to sustain good health.
The requirements for the welfare of cattle include adequate levels of ______ to sustain good health.
Cattle need access to sufficient ______ of suitable quality to meet psychological needs.
Cattle need access to sufficient ______ of suitable quality to meet psychological needs.
Cattle require social contact with other cattle, but with sufficient space to stand, to lie down, and to ______ their limbs.
Cattle require social contact with other cattle, but with sufficient space to stand, to lie down, and to ______ their limbs.
Protection from ______ is one of the essential welfare requirements for cattle.
Protection from ______ is one of the essential welfare requirements for cattle.
Healthy cattle should not be deprived of access to water for periods longer than ______ hours.
Healthy cattle should not be deprived of access to water for periods longer than ______ hours.
Cattle may require mineral ______ to ensure they meet their dietary needs.
Cattle may require mineral ______ to ensure they meet their dietary needs.
Changes to cattle's diet should be introduced ______ to avoid digestive issues.
Changes to cattle's diet should be introduced ______ to avoid digestive issues.
Cattle adapt to their familiar surroundings, including ______ with other cows.
Cattle adapt to their familiar surroundings, including ______ with other cows.
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Study Notes
Aquatic Resources
- Brewarrina in NSW supports sustainable harvesting of fish and aquatic resources.
School Farm Enterprises
- Prime Lamb: Crossing Merino ewes with Border Leicester rams and Poll Dorset sires leads to fast growth and excellent carcass traits. Sold at 30-35 kg.
- Angus Stud: Purebred Angus self-replacing herd, bulls selected for genetic traits to be sold at 300-350 kg.
- Free Range Eggs: HYSEX Brown hens produce high volumes year-round, sold at $5 per carton.
- Broiler Production: 60 Cobb 500 chickens per batch, reaching 2-2.5 kg in 6 weeks, with carcasses sold at $10 each.
- Peaches: Sherman’s Red variety can be value-added into jam or sorbet.
- Washington Navel Oranges: Seedless variety, harvested in June, offered for pick-your-own at $2/kg.
- Hydroponic Vegetables: 400 seasonal leafy vegetables sold at $2 per bunch.
- Sweet Corn: Disease-resistant summer crop, sold at $1 each.
- Honey Production: Managed by Parramatta Beekeepers Association, harvested in summer and sold in various sizes.
Farm Resources
- Topography: Undulating, north-facing land enhances drainage; careful management needed to prevent runoff into creeks.
- Pasture Seeding: Direct drilling method used to sow summer legumes (e.g., lucerne) and winter grasses (e.g., perennial ryegrass).
Calendar of Operations for Ewe Flock
- January - December: Seasonal activities include joining, lambing, supplementary feeding, vaccination, and selling of lambs with detailed management practices.
Growth and Development Factors
- Body Composition: Optimal carcass includes maximum muscle, appropriate fat, and minimum bone—affected by breed, sex, nutrition, hormones, and genetics.
- Genetic Influence: Early maturing breeds can be sold earlier and require lower feed costs.
External Factors Affecting Growth
- Nutrition: Quality feed is essential; supplements provided when inadequate.
- Climate: Extreme weather impacts feeding behavior and energy use.
- Disease: Vaccinations and treatments necessary to maintain growth rates and health.
- Stress: Reduced by appropriate husbandry practices.
Rumen Microbiology
- Benefits: Rumen microbes aid in digestion by breaking down feed for energy, supplying 70-90% of protein requirements for dairy cows.
- Microbial Roles: Different types of microbes in the rumen serve varying digestive functions.
Lactation Process
- Importance: Milk secretion is crucial for the survival of young mammals, with a focus on enhancing production through reproductive system manipulation.
Milk Production
- Anatomy: Milk produced in mammary glands (alveoli), emptied into larger ducts, and collected in a cistern.
- Letdown Mechanism: Involves hormonal release (oxytocin) in response to neural stimulation during milking.
Colostrum Significance
- Nutritional Value: Higher in dry matter, minerals, and immunoglobulins than mature milk, crucial for newborn survival.
Animal Welfare Standards
- Requirements: Adequate nutrition, water access, social interaction, and protection from harm and environmental extremes are essential for cattle welfare.
- Management Strategies: Ensure good feeding practices, provide ample water, and avoid overcrowding to maintain animal well-being.
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