Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of irrigation?
Which of the following is NOT a source of irrigation water?
What does the transpiration ratio approach primarily measure?
According to the soil moisture deficit approach, which crop can tolerate a 50% depletion of available soil moisture?
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What measurement is equivalent to 1 Cumec?
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Which statement about weirs is incorrect?
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What is the function of a Parshall flume?
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For cotton planted in a density of 55,555 plants per hectare, what is the spacing used?
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What is the critical stage approach of irrigation scheduling focused on?
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What is a significant disadvantage of drilling as a planting method?
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What is the recommended nursery duration for a crop that matures in 4 months?
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Which of the following best describes transplanting?
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Which method of planting is characterized by no equal spacing and resources may be under or over-exploited?
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What is a primary advantage of transplanting?
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What is one major disadvantage associated with transplanting?
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In the rectangular method of sowing, what is the primary feature of paired row arrangement?
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What is a characteristic of the triangular method of planting?
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Which of the following crops is most likely to benefit from transplanting?
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What is referred to as the kor depth in irrigation terminology?
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Which term describes the duration from planting to crop maturity?
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What is the average effective rainfall days per year in India considered for water management?
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Which crop has the highest water use efficiency according to the provided data?
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Which of the following is defined as the ratio of the area irrigated to the quantity of water applied?
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What does the term 'Rotational irrigation' refer to?
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What is the meaning of the term 'Delta (Δ)' in irrigation?
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How much does one cumec day equate to in terms of water volume?
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Which of the following statements about rainfall is true?
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What is a primary disadvantage of the broadcasting method?
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Which sowing method is primarily used for medium to large sized seeds?
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What is a key advantage of dibbling?
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Which crop is commonly sown using the method of sowing behind the plough?
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What is a primary characteristic of drill sowing?
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What method is used to ensure proper anchorage of the root system in dibbling?
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Which of the following options is a disadvantage of dibbling?
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In which scenario is broadcasting considered the most effective?
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Which statement about drill sowing is true?
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Which type of germination involves the cotyledons moving above the soil?
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What is the recommended depth for sowing most field crops?
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What wavelength inhibits seed germination?
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When should thinning and gap filling be practiced after sowing?
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What is the optimum soil moisture content required for tillage?
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What root depth category includes crops like paddy, onion, and cabbage?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as a deep root crop?
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What plant population is recommended for short duration rice varieties?
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Which classification of ploughing depth is 15-20 cm?
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Study Notes
Drilling Practices
- Drilling uses less seed compared to other methods.
- Allows simultaneous application of manures, fertilizers, and amendments.
Transplanting
- Involves raising seedlings on nursery beds for later transfer to the field.
- Seedlings should be approximately one-fourth of the crop's total duration.
- Nursery area typically requires about one-tenth of the field's total area.
- Commonly used for crops like paddy, fruits, vegetables, and tobacco.
- Helps ensure optimal plant population and reduces management time in main fields.
- Can be labor and cost-intensive.
Planting Techniques
- Planting involves placing vegetative parts of crops like tubers or cuttings in the field.
Crop Geometries
- Broadcasting: Random sowing; space is often mismanaged, leading to under or over-exploitation of resources.
- Square Method: Equal distances between plants; supports wind flow and mechanization.
- Rectangular Method: Plants arranged in rows and columns; includes solid row, paired row, and skip row arrangements to manage population.
- Triangular Method: Efficient for wide-spaced crops like coconut and mango, allowing higher plant density.
Sowing Methods
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Broadcasting: Random sowing, ideal for small to medium crops; involves mixing seeds with sand for uniform coverage.
- Disadvantages: Inconsistent seed-soil contact and higher seed rates required.
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Dibbling: Seeds placed at a specific depth in holes; effective for larger seeds.
- Advantages: Ensures uniform population and better germination.
- Disadvantages: Time-consuming and labor-intensive.
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Sowing Behind the Plough: Manual or mechanical dropping of seeds into furrows for uniform distance.
- Commonly used for crops like groundnut and red gram.
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Drill Sowing: Seeds dropped at a defined depth and compacted with soil; uses specialized sowing implements.
Irrigation Overview
- Irrigation aids crop production through artificial water application.
- Sources of Water: Surface (rivers, lakes) and underground (wells, tubewells).
Irrigation Scheduling
- Refers to timing and frequency of irrigations based on crop needs.
- Various approaches include transpiration ratio, soil moisture deficit, climatological, and critical stage approaches.
Water Measurement Units
- 1 Cusec: 28.3 liters
- 1 Cumec: 1000 liters
- 1 ha mm: 10,000 liters
Irrigation Measurement Methods
- Orifices and Weirs: Measure water flow in channels; various formulas available for discharge calculations.
- Parshall Flume: Combines weir and submerged orifice for flow measurement.
Crop Planting Data
- Cotton and maize are planted at specific densities per hectare, with variations depending on the crop variety.
Terminology in Irrigation
- Nominal Duty and Kor Watering: Key terms related to irrigation efficiency and requirements.
- Palco Irrigation: Initial irrigation for seed germination.
- Delta (Δ): Total water depth required during crop duration.
Water Use Efficiency
- Indicates water required to produce crops, varying significantly across different crops.
Rainfall and Crop Growth
- Rainfall is a major contributor to irrigation; effective rain is measured based on the size of raindrops and duration.
Germination Process
- Critical for plant growth; optimal sowing depth varies by seed size.
- Distinctions between epigeal (cotyledons above soil) and hypogeal (cotyledons below soil) germination.
Intercultural Operations
- Thinning and Gap Filling: Adaptations practiced shortly after sowing.
- Earthing Up: Increases soil around plants to enhance growth and stability.
CRIDA Soil Tillage Classification
- Tillage depends on depth: shallow (5-6 cm), medium (15-20 cm), and deep (25-30 cm).
Root Depth by Crop Type
- Shallow, medium, and deep root systems vary by crop species affecting water and nutrient uptake efficiency.
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Description
Explore the advantages and disadvantages of drilling and transplanting in agriculture. Understand key concepts like seed quantity, labor requirements, and nursery practices. This quiz provides insights into essential farming techniques.