Agriculture Practices: Drilling vs. Transplanting

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of irrigation?

To enhance crop yields by supplementing water. (correct)

To minimize the use of fertilizers.

To flood fields with water year-round.

To control pests in agricultural fields.

Which of the following is NOT a source of irrigation water?

Desalination plants (correct)

Lakes

Wells

Rivers

What does the transpiration ratio approach primarily measure?

Irrigation frequency based on rainfall.

Amount of water retained in the soil.

Total water supply in rivers.

Water transpiration needed for dry matter production. (correct)

According to the soil moisture deficit approach, which crop can tolerate a 50% depletion of available soil moisture?

Drought-resistant crops Signup and view all the answers

What measurement is equivalent to 1 Cumec?

1,000 litres Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about weirs is incorrect?

They are designed for large water flows only. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a Parshall flume?

To measure water in shallow channels. Signup and view all the answers

For cotton planted in a density of 55,555 plants per hectare, what is the spacing used?

60 cm x 30 cm Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical stage approach of irrigation scheduling focused on?

Periods when plants are most sensitive to water shortage. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of drilling as a planting method?

It is time-consuming. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended nursery duration for a crop that matures in 4 months?

4 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes transplanting?

Raising seedlings on nursery beds before planting. Signup and view all the answers

Which method of planting is characterized by no equal spacing and resources may be under or over-exploited?

Broadcasting Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of transplanting?

Can ensure optimum plant population. Signup and view all the answers

What is one major disadvantage associated with transplanting?

Nursery raising is expensive. Signup and view all the answers

In the rectangular method of sowing, what is the primary feature of paired row arrangement?

Spacing is adjusted to accommodate an intercrop. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the triangular method of planting?

Increases the number of plants per unit area. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following crops is most likely to benefit from transplanting?

Tobacco Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the kor depth in irrigation terminology?

The depth of water applied in the first watering. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the duration from planting to crop maturity?

Crop period Signup and view all the answers

What is the average effective rainfall days per year in India considered for water management?

130 days Signup and view all the answers

Which crop has the highest water use efficiency according to the provided data?

Finger Millet Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is defined as the ratio of the area irrigated to the quantity of water applied?

Duty of water Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Rotational irrigation' refer to?

Warabhandi irrigation Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the term 'Delta (Δ)' in irrigation?

The total depth of water required by a crop Signup and view all the answers

How much does one cumec day equate to in terms of water volume?

8.64 ha-m Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about rainfall is true?

Rain drop size larger than 2.5 mm is termed as a rainy day. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary disadvantage of the broadcasting method?

Enhanced seed rate is required. Signup and view all the answers

Which sowing method is primarily used for medium to large sized seeds?

Dibbling Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of dibbling?

Offers better germination rates. Signup and view all the answers

Which crop is commonly sown using the method of sowing behind the plough?

Groundnut Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of drill sowing?

Seeds are placed at uniform depth and compacted. Signup and view all the answers

What method is used to ensure proper anchorage of the root system in dibbling?

Earthing up Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is a disadvantage of dibbling?

Higher labor requirements. Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is broadcasting considered the most effective?

For small to medium sized crops where labor is a constraint. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about drill sowing is true?

Mechanical means are often used to drop seeds. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of germination involves the cotyledons moving above the soil?

Epigeal germination Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended depth for sowing most field crops?

3-5 cm Signup and view all the answers

What wavelength inhibits seed germination?

730 nm Signup and view all the answers

When should thinning and gap filling be practiced after sowing?

Up to 15 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimum soil moisture content required for tillage?

60% of field capacity Signup and view all the answers

What root depth category includes crops like paddy, onion, and cabbage?

Shallow (30-60 cm) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a deep root crop?

Paddy Signup and view all the answers

What plant population is recommended for short duration rice varieties?

6,66,666 plants/ha Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of ploughing depth is 15-20 cm?

Medium Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Drilling Practices

Drilling uses less seed compared to other methods.
Allows simultaneous application of manures, fertilizers, and amendments.

Transplanting

Involves raising seedlings on nursery beds for later transfer to the field.
Seedlings should be approximately one-fourth of the crop's total duration.
Nursery area typically requires about one-tenth of the field's total area.
Commonly used for crops like paddy, fruits, vegetables, and tobacco.
Helps ensure optimal plant population and reduces management time in main fields.
Can be labor and cost-intensive.

Planting Techniques

Planting involves placing vegetative parts of crops like tubers or cuttings in the field.

Crop Geometries

Broadcasting: Random sowing; space is often mismanaged, leading to under or over-exploitation of resources.
Square Method: Equal distances between plants; supports wind flow and mechanization.
Rectangular Method: Plants arranged in rows and columns; includes solid row, paired row, and skip row arrangements to manage population.
Triangular Method: Efficient for wide-spaced crops like coconut and mango, allowing higher plant density.

Sowing Methods

Broadcasting: Random sowing, ideal for small to medium crops; involves mixing seeds with sand for uniform coverage.
- Disadvantages: Inconsistent seed-soil contact and higher seed rates required.
Dibbling: Seeds placed at a specific depth in holes; effective for larger seeds.
- Advantages: Ensures uniform population and better germination.
- Disadvantages: Time-consuming and labor-intensive.
Sowing Behind the Plough: Manual or mechanical dropping of seeds into furrows for uniform distance.
- Commonly used for crops like groundnut and red gram.
Drill Sowing: Seeds dropped at a defined depth and compacted with soil; uses specialized sowing implements.

Irrigation Overview

Irrigation aids crop production through artificial water application.
Sources of Water: Surface (rivers, lakes) and underground (wells, tubewells).

Irrigation Scheduling

Refers to timing and frequency of irrigations based on crop needs.
Various approaches include transpiration ratio, soil moisture deficit, climatological, and critical stage approaches.

Water Measurement Units

1 Cusec: 28.3 liters
1 Cumec: 1000 liters
1 ha mm: 10,000 liters

Irrigation Measurement Methods

Orifices and Weirs: Measure water flow in channels; various formulas available for discharge calculations.
Parshall Flume: Combines weir and submerged orifice for flow measurement.

Crop Planting Data

Cotton and maize are planted at specific densities per hectare, with variations depending on the crop variety.

Terminology in Irrigation

Nominal Duty and Kor Watering: Key terms related to irrigation efficiency and requirements.
Palco Irrigation: Initial irrigation for seed germination.
Delta (Δ): Total water depth required during crop duration.

Water Use Efficiency

Indicates water required to produce crops, varying significantly across different crops.

Rainfall and Crop Growth

Rainfall is a major contributor to irrigation; effective rain is measured based on the size of raindrops and duration.

Germination Process

Critical for plant growth; optimal sowing depth varies by seed size.
Distinctions between epigeal (cotyledons above soil) and hypogeal (cotyledons below soil) germination.

Intercultural Operations

Thinning and Gap Filling: Adaptations practiced shortly after sowing.
Earthing Up: Increases soil around plants to enhance growth and stability.

CRIDA Soil Tillage Classification

Tillage depends on depth: shallow (5-6 cm), medium (15-20 cm), and deep (25-30 cm).

Root Depth by Crop Type

Shallow, medium, and deep root systems vary by crop species affecting water and nutrient uptake efficiency.

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Description

Explore the advantages and disadvantages of drilling and transplanting in agriculture. Understand key concepts like seed quantity, labor requirements, and nursery practices. This quiz provides insights into essential farming techniques.