Agriculture in India: Importance and Challenges
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Agriculture in India: Importance and Challenges

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Questions and Answers

Which family includes crops such as Cotton and Lady's finger?

  • Solanaceae
  • Brassicaceae
  • Malvaceae (correct)
  • Fabaceae

    • What classification describes plants with a life cycle of more than two years?

  • Perennial (correct)
  • Annual
  • Seasonal
  • Biennial

    • Which of these plants is considered annual?

  • Sugarbeet
  • Sugarcane
  • Wheat (correct)
  • Oak tree

    • Which crop is characterized as a shallow-rooted plant?

    <p>Paddy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which soil texture is suitable for growing cotton and tobacco?

    <p>Heavy soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a characteristic of leguminous plants?

    <p>Require acidic soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cover crops like Moong?

    <p>To conserve soil from rainwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spice is classified under the Zingiberaceae family?

    <p>Ginger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of crops is characterized by their growing season?

    <p>Classification based on season</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following crops are classified as Kharif crops?

    <p>Paddy, Maize, Bajra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using disease-resistant crop varieties?

    <p>Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of crop is considered a cash crop?

    <p>Sugarcane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category does Cotton belong to in terms of crop classification?

    <p>Fibre crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a cover crop in agricultural practices?

    <p>Crops planted to prevent soil erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an oilseed?

    <p>Wheat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary characteristic of pulses?

    <p>They bear fruit in the form of pods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in plants?

    <p>Leaves become pale green, and lateral buds do not develop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom indicates phosphorus deficiency?

    <p>Reddish brown or purple tints on leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excess nitrogen in plants can cause which of the following?

    <p>Delayed maturity and increased succulency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is excess phosphorus in the soil?

    <p>Deficiency of Fe and Zn occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Boron toxicity can lead to which of the following symptoms?

    <p>Chlorosis and dark brown spots on leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can deficiency symptoms of manganese present in plants?

    <p>Stumpy growth with brown spots on the leaf sheath.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using organic fertilizers?

    <p>They prevent soil infertility caused by salt accumulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deficiency results in chlorosis between veins of older leaves?

    <p>Potassium deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do earthworms play in soil health?

    <p>They help in the mixing of sub soil and top soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about bio-fertilizers?

    <p>They are considered eco-friendly and cost-effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is facilitated by VAM (Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) fungi?

    <p>Increased water absorption and nutrient uptake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of chemical fertilizers compared to organic manures?

    <p>They do not improve physical condition of soils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganisms is known for fixing atmospheric nitrogen?

    <p>Symbiotic bacteria like Rhizobium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a benefit of using organic manures?

    <p>They are high in chemical compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the role of earthworms in vermi-composting is incorrect?

    <p>They require excessive moisture for composting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of organic fertilizers helps combat soil erosion?

    <p>They enhance soil structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does basal application of fertilizers refer to?

    <p>Applying fertilizers before or at the time of sowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of balanced fertilization?

    <p>To apply nutrients in ratios that meet specific crop requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a non-parasitic disease?

    <p>Viruses causing infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which method are fertilizers applied in standing crops?

    <p>Top dressing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dose of nitrogen for wheat per hectare?

    <p>120 Kg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor that can lead to non-parasitic diseases?

    <p>Soil moisture imbalances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is fully provided at the time of basal application?

    <p>Phosphorus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What agricultural practice can lead to deficiency symptoms in crops?

    <p>Excessive use of fertilizers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Importance of Agriculture

    • Provides food security to a rapidly growing population.
    • Contributes significantly to national GDP and economic stability.
    • Creates employment opportunities in rural areas.
    • Provides raw materials for industries, e.g., textiles, food processing.
    • Plays a crucial role in environmental conservation through practices like crop rotation and agroforestry.

    Challenges in Indian Agriculture

    • Low productivity due to fragmented landholdings, traditional farming methods, and lack of irrigation.
    • Heavy reliance on rainfall, making agriculture vulnerable to climate change and erratic weather patterns.
    • Limited access to technology, credit, and information for farmers.
    • Post-harvest losses due to inadequate storage and infrastructure.
    • Market volatility and low returns for farmers.

    Salient Features of Modern Agriculture

    • Use of modern technology, including high-yielding crop varieties, precision farming techniques, and irrigation systems.
    • Emphasis on sustainable practices, such as organic farming, conservation agriculture, and integrated pest management.
    • Increased reliance on mechanization for efficient farm operations.
    • Improved infrastructure for storage, transportation, and marketing of agricultural products.
    • Access to government schemes and market information.

    Crop Classification

    • Based on Season:
      • Kharif: July to October, e.g., paddy, maize, jowar, bajra
      • Rabi: November to February, e.g., wheat, barley, gram
      • Zaid: March to June, e.g., muskmelon, bottle gourd, pumpkin
    • Economic Classification:
      • Cereals: Grains used for bread making, e.g., wheat, barley, paddy
      • Oilseeds: Produce oil when extracted, e.g., linseed, groundnut, mustard
      • Pulses: Seeds are a good source of protein, e.g., gram, pea, arhar
      • Fibre Crops: Bear long fibres, e.g., cotton, jute
      • Fodder Crops: Food for cattle, e.g., jowar, bajra, maize
      • Cash Crops: Provide high returns, e.g., sugarcane, potato, tobacco
      • Catch Crops: Used to protect main crop, e.g., bhindi in cotton
      • Cover Crops: Prevent soil erosion, e.g., moong
      • Plantation Crops: e.g., coffee, cocoa, rubber
      • Vegetables:
        • Root Vegetables: Radish, turnip, carrot
        • Bulb Crops: Onion, garlic
        • Legumes: Pea, beans
        • Salad: Lettuce, celery, parsley
        • Cole Crops: Cauliflower, cabbage, knolkhol
        • Fruit Vegetables: Tomato, brinjal
        • Tuber: Potato
        • Leafy Vegetables: Spinach, fenugreek
      • Fruit Crops: e.g., banana, mango, citrus, grape
      • Medicinal and Aromatic: e.g., isabgol, opium, belladonna, peppermint
      • Ornamentals: e.g., rose, jasmine, chrysanthemum, orchids
      • Condiments and Spices: e.g., ginger, turmeric, chillies
    • Botanical Classification:
      • Brassicaceae: Mustard, rapeseed
      • Malvaceae: Cotton, lady's finger
      • Fabaceae: Pea, moong, gram, groundnut
      • Cucurbitaceae: Pumpkin, bottle gourd, ridge gourd
      • Solanaceae: Potato, chillies, tobacco
      • Poaceae: Rice, maize, wheat, barley, sugarcane
      • Apiaceae: Carrot, coriander, jeera
      • Asteraceae: Sunflower, marigold
      • Convolvulaceae: Sweet potato
      • Liliaceae: Onion, garlic
      • Zingiberaceae: Ginger, turmeric
    • Based on Life Period or Age:
      • Seasonal: One season, e.g., paddy, wheat
      • Annual: One year life cycle, e.g., sugarcane, arhar
      • Biennial: Two year life cycle, e.g., sugar beet
      • Perennial: More than two years, e.g., fruit trees, fodder crops
    • Based on Soil and Plant Nature:
      • Seed Size: Small, medium, large
      • Root Depth: Shallow-rooted, deep-rooted
      • Nodules on Roots: Leguminous, non-leguminous
      • Soil Texture and pH: Heavy soil, loamy soil, sandy soil, acidic soil, usar soil
      • Soil Erosion: Moong
      • Water Requirement: Waterlogged, more water requiring, average water requiring, less water requiring, drought resistant
    • Based on Specific Use:
      • Green Manure: Crops grown for organic manuring, e.g., moong, sunhemp
      • Cover Crop: Crops grown for soil conservation, e.g., moong
      • Inter Crops: Crops grown to minimize loss in the main crop, e.g., moong

    Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms

    • Nitrogen: Stunting, pale green leaves, acute angles between leaves and stem.
    • Phosphorus: Severe stunting, thin stems, bronzed or reddish-brown leaves.
    • Potassium: Stunted, bushy growth, pale green leaves with brown spots.

    Organic vs. Inorganic Fertilizers

    • Organic Manures:
      • Provide all essential nutrients.
      • Suitable for all types of land.
      • Improve soil structure and water holding capacity.
      • Check soil erosion.
    • Chemical Fertilizers:
      • Provide only one or two primary nutrients.
      • Not suitable for all types of land.
      • Do not improve soil structure.
      • Do not check soil erosion.

    Fertilizer Application Techniques

    • Foliar Spray: Application of fertilizers as a spray solution on foliage.
    • Basal Application: Fertilizer application before or at the time of sowing.
    • Top Dressing: Fertilizer application to standing crops.
    • Balanced Fertilization: Application of N, P, and K in proportions to meet the needs of a specific crop.

    The Role of Earthworms in Vermi-Composting

    • Improve soil fertility and physical condition.
    • Mix subsoil and topsoil.
    • Correct plant deficiencies.
    • Recycle waste materials.
    • Can be used as a feed supplement.
    • Used in traditional medicinal systems.

    Biofertilizers

    • Microorganisms that fix atmospheric nitrogen or solubilize phosphorus, making it available to plants.
    • Examples: Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Anabaena, Nostoc, VAM fungi.
    • Cost-effective and eco-friendly.

    Diseases Caused by Viruses and Mycoplasma

    • These pathogens can cause various diseases in plants.

    Non-Parasitic Diseases

    • Caused by factors like soil moisture imbalances, unfavorable temperatures, light deficiency, excessive pesticide use, or industrial contaminants.

    Crop Rotation

    • Practice of growing different crops in the same area in a planned sequence.
    • Benefits:
      • Improves soil fertility.
      • Controls pests and diseases.
      • Improves soil structure.
      • Reduces nutrient depletion.

    Macro Nutrients

    • Essential elements required in large amounts for plant growth.
    • Examples: Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur.

    Micro Nutrients

    • Essential elements required in small amounts for plant growth.
    • Examples: Iron, manganese, zinc, boron, copper, molybdenum, chlorine.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the critical role of agriculture in India, examining its importance for food security, economic stability, and employment generation. It also discusses the challenges faced by Indian agriculture, including low productivity and vulnerability to climate change. Finally, it highlights the features of modern agriculture that aim to address these challenges.

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