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What scientific principles underpin the aspect of crop production known as science?
Which of the following best characterizes agronomy in terms of its focus?
What differentiates horticulture from agronomy regarding cultivation practices?
Which classification of crops includes plants characterized by having naked seeds?
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In what way does crop production function as a business?
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Which of the following represents a significant challenge for crop production in the Philippines?
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What is implied by the artistic aspect of crop production?
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How does adaptability impact crop production in the face of change?
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What characteristic distinguishes bryophytes from pteridophytes?
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Which of the following classifications is included in the subdivision of Spermatophytes?
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Who is credited with the development of the modern binomial system of plant classification?
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Which term refers to plants that have a life cycle that lasts more than one year?
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What basis is primarily used for the classification of crop plants in the context of agronomy?
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What is the primary advantage of seed propagation in plant production?
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What is the term used to describe seeds that develop from diploid ovular tissue instead of through normal fertilization?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of using seed propagation?
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Which two fruits mentioned are primarily propagated by seeds and can also be propagated asexually?
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What defines the asexual method of plant propagation?
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Crop Production
- Scientific principles from chemistry, mathematics, and physics are foundational to crop production, categorized under the field of Science.
- Agronomy specifically focuses on managing field crops and soils to optimize production and sustainability.
Differentiating Horticulture and Agronomy
- Horticulture is characterized by intensive cultivation methods, emphasizing the care and production of plants for decorative and aesthetic values.
- In contrast, Agronomy primarily manages field crops and is not concerned with aesthetic qualities or ornamental plants.
Crop Classification
- Gymnosperms are a significant classification of plants that produce naked seeds, distinguishing them from others like angiosperms that have covered seeds.
Economic Impact of Crop Production
- Crop production is pivotal as a business primarily for realizing profit, emphasizing the economic viability of agricultural practices.
- In the Philippines, substantial economic contributions come from agriculture, especially through its notable impact on the country's GDP.
Challenges in Crop Production
- Climate change poses major challenges to crop production in the Philippines, necessitating adaptive practices to mitigate its negative impacts.
- Adaptability in crop production is vital as it enables farmers to respond effectively to changing environmental and market conditions.
Artistic Aspect of Crop Production
- The art of crop production involves skillful cultivation methods often done without formal scientific training, showcasing creativity alongside agricultural practices.
- Horticulture plays a significant role in enhancing aesthetic qualities, particularly in ornamental plant cultivation, which adds value to environments and landscapes.
Plant Classifications
- Bryophytes: Non-flowering plants including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts; develop embryos but lack vascular tissue.
- Pteridophytes: Vascular plants, like ferns, that possess roots, stems, and leaves; do not have flowers or seeds.
- Spermatophytes: All seed-bearing plants, further classified into two subdivisions: gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Binomial Classification Example
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Crops: Corn, Rice, Soybean share taxonomic units like:
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Division: Spermatophyte
- Subdivision: Angiospermae
- Class: Monocotyledon
- Order: Graminales for Corn & Rice; Rosales for Soybean
- Family: Graminae for Corn & Rice; Leguminosae for Soybean
- Genus: Zea (Corn), Oryza (Rice), Glycine (Soybean)
- Species: mays (Corn), sativa (Rice), max (Soybean)
Origin of Cultivated Plants
- Cultivated crops are derived from wild species adapted over time to human needs; ancient origins supported by archaeological evidence.
- Centers of agriculture were geographically restricted; determined by biodiversity in specific regions.
- De Candolle’s research: Found 199 cultivated plants originated in the Old World.
Classification of Crop Plants
- Classified based on morphological similarities, use (e.g., food, fiber), climatic requirements, length of life (annual, biennial, perennial), and habitat (aquatic, terrestrial, aerial).
Horticultural Crops
- Plant propagation is vital for crop production; affects all management practices.
Propagating Materials in Plants
- Includes seeds, cuttings, stems, bulbs, and other vegetative parts.
- Sexual Method: Involves planting seeds.
- Asexual Method: Uses vegetative parts like leaves and roots.
Benefits of Plant Propagation
- Increases plant numbers for economic gain; expands farming capabilities and potential income.
Seed Propagation
- A seed contains fertilized ripened ovule with embryo capable of germination.
- Apomixis: Some plants produce seeds without fertilization, forming genetically identical offspring (e.g., Lanzones, Mangosteen).
- Most cereals and vegetables are propagated by seeds; generally easier than vegetative methods.
Disadvantages of Seed Propagation
- Longer time to fruit production; some plants may become unmanageable and yield lower-quality fruits.
Land Preparation Techniques
- Involves plowing and harrowing to improve soil structure; can involve several repetitions for proper tilth.
- Crisscross harrowing is used for specific crops depending on the growing method (e.g., transplanting vs. direct seeding).
Erosion Control
- Erosion is the loss of topsoil due to water and wind; practices are implemented to prevent and control this.
Planting Techniques
- Planting: Setting crops in the field; applies to large seeds (e.g., corn, beans).
- Sowing: Moisture-controlled method for small seeds; promotes ease of later transplanting (e.g., rice, cabbage).
Methods of Planting
- Direct Seeding: Seeds planted directly in soil using methods like broadcast or drill.
- Transplanting: Involves pre-grown seedlings or clones moved to final growing locations.
Plant Spacing Considerations
- Plant spacing is crucial for crop growth influenced by environmental factors.
Fertilizer Application Methods
- Different methods include:
- Broadcast Method: Spreading fertilizers across the soil.
- Localized Application: Applying fertilizers near plant roots.
- Foliar Application: Spraying fertilizers onto leaves.
Fertilizer Computation
- Essential for effective application; involves understanding soil needs and converting units for accurate measurements.
Irrigation Techniques
- Natural Irrigation: Water naturally supplied without human intervention.
- Artificial Irrigation: Water supplied using machines and human efforts (e.g., reservoirs, canals).
Pest Management
- Potential Pests: Minimal economic impact under current management.
- Migrant Pests: Cause periodic significant damage; control methods are necessary when economic thresholds are exceeded.
Harvesting Considerations
- Timing is influenced by crop maturity, type, purpose, market conditions, and prevailing weather.
- Methods include manual (hand tools) and mechanical (e.g., combine harvesters).
Threshing Methods
- Needed for crops that produce grains (e.g., rice, wheat).
- Methods include trampling, mechanical thresher, and combine harvester. Not all crop types require threshing.
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Description
Test your knowledge on advanced concepts in crop production, including the scientific principles related to agronomy and horticulture. This quiz covers essential topics that blend agriculture with economic aspects, providing insights into different focus areas of crop production. Ideal for students and professionals interested in the fields of agriculture and economy.
